Denial of Cross-Examination Opportunity Violates Procedural Fairness; S.125 CrPC Maintenance Order Set Aside with Interim Relief: Jharkhand HC - 2025-05-05

Jharkhand High Court Sets Aside Maintenance Order Citing Procedural Flaws, Orders Fresh Hearing with Interim Relief

Ranchi, Jharkhand: The High Court of Jharkhand, presided over by Hon’ble Mr. Justice Sanjay Prasad , has set aside a maintenance order passed by the Additional Family Court, Bermo at Tenughat, citing significant procedural irregularities that denied the husband a fair opportunity to contest the case. While remanding the matter for a fresh hearing, the High Court ordered the husband to pay interim maintenance to the wife from the date the original application was filed.

Case Background

The case, Amit Anand @ Amit Anand Barnwal vs. The State of Jharkhand & Anr. (Cr. Revision No. 148 of 2023), stemmed from an order dated 22.12.2022 by the Additional Family Court, Bermo at Tenughat. The Family Court had allowed the maintenance petition filed under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) by the wife, Shiwani Kumari Barnwal, directing her husband, Amit Anand , to pay Rs. 10,000 per month from the date of filing (15.03.2019).

Shiwani Kumari alleged that after their marriage on 23.11.2017, she faced dowry demands (Rs. 3 Lakhs, Bullet Motorcycle, Laptop), physical and mental torture, attempts by her father-in-law to outrage her modesty, and was eventually forced to undergo an abortion. She claimed her husband left her at her parental home (Maike) on 04.04.2018 and refused to maintain her. She asserted that her husband earned approximately Rs. 55,000 per month from a job in Kolkata, rental income, a shoe shop, and a computer institute partnership.

Arguments Presented

Petitioner (Husband - Amit Anand ): * Argued the Family Court's order was illegal and arbitrary. * Claimed he was unemployed, having resigned from his Kolkata job in April 2018 (producing a relieving letter for the first time in the High Court). * Denied all allegations of dowry demand, torture, forced abortion, and the claimed income sources. * Crucially contended that he was denied the opportunity to cross-examine the wife (PW-4) and her father (PW-3) because the Family Court insisted on payment of witness costs, which he refused, citing pending revision petitions in the High Court challenging interim orders. * Pointed out that his later applications to recall these witnesses and to adduce his own evidence (under Section 311 CrPC) were rejected by the Family Court. * Accused the wife of suppressing facts about prior High Court petitions (Cr. M. P. No. 1458 of 2022 and Cr. M. P. No. 1316 of 2022).

Respondent (Wife - Shiwani Kumari ): * Supported the Family Court's order, arguing it was just and proper. * Reiterated the allegations of torture and desertion, emphasizing her lack of income and inability to maintain herself. * Stated the husband, a B.Tech graduate and web designer, had sufficient means to maintain her. * Argued the husband's claim of unemployment and the relieving letter were afterthoughts, not raised before the Family Court. * Highlighted the husband's conduct in the lower court, including his refusal to cross-examine key witnesses despite being present and his failure to produce his own evidence over several months. * Noted the dismissal of the husband's earlier High Court petition (Cr. M. P. No. 1316 of 2022) challenging the proceedings.

High Court's Observations and Reasoning

Justice Sanjay Prasad meticulously reviewed the lower court records and arguments. Key findings included:

Procedural Irregularity: The Court found merit in the husband's argument that he was denied a fair opportunity. "Therefore, it is evident that the petitioner has not been provided sufficient opportunity by the learned Court below to examine P.W.-3, Bhola Prasad Barnwal and P.W.-4 Shiwani Kumari on recall" (Para 56). The refusal to allow cross-examination and the subsequent rejection of the Section 311 CrPC petition were deemed problematic.

Suppression of Facts: The Court noted the husband had indeed suppressed information about previous High Court petitions in his current revision application (Para 12 & 13).

Husband's Conduct: While acknowledging the procedural lapse, the Court also observed the husband's delaying tactics in the lower court, failing to produce evidence between June and November 2022 (Para 57).

Negligence by Lower Court Office: The Court criticized the Family Court's office for failing to send crucial documents, including the husband's S.311 petition and evidence affidavit, to the High Court (Para 54 & 55).

Maintenance Principles: The Court referred to several Supreme Court judgments ( Rajneesh vs. Neha , Sunita Kachwaha vs. Anil Kachwaha , Reema Salkan vs. Sumer Singh Salkan , Kalyan Dey Chowdhury vs. Rita Dey Chowdhury ) emphasizing the husband's obligation to maintain his wife, the irrelevance of the wife's qualifications alone if she cannot maintain herself, the need to consider the husband's capacity even if claiming unemployment, and the principle that maintenance should generally be awarded from the date of application.

Interim Maintenance Justified: Given the procedural flaws necessitating remand, and citing Kaushalya vs. Mukesh Jain , the Court deemed it essential to protect the wife's interests during the extended litigation by awarding interim maintenance. "the petitioner has to pay monthly maintenance to his wife-opposite party no. 2 by way of interim maintenance... from the date of filing of Maintenance Petition... as the wife-opposite party no. 2 cannot be denied of her valuable rights..." (Para 71).

Final Decision and Directions

The High Court set aside the Family Court's order dated 22.12.2022 and remitted the Original Maintenance Suit No. 78 of 2019 back for a fresh decision, outlining a strict timeline: 1. The Family Court must allow the husband to cross-examine PW-3 and PW-4, subject to payment of Rs. 1,000 witness cost previously ordered (Para 77). The wife may examine further witnesses if needed. This phase to be completed within four weeks of receiving the judgment. 2. The husband must then be permitted to produce his evidence, including examining himself, within six weeks thereafter. 3. The Family Court must deliver a final judgment within four weeks after the evidence concludes, deciding the matter afresh without being influenced by the High Court's order on interim maintenance (Para 79).

Crucially, the High Court directed the husband (petitioner) to pay interim maintenance of Rs. 6,000 per month to the wife (opposite party no. 2) from the date of the original application (15.03.2019) until the final disposal of the case (Para 80).

The arrears are to be paid in three equal instalments. The husband's right to cross-examine witnesses and adduce his own evidence is conditional upon the timely payment of these instalments (Para 81). This ensures the wife receives financial support while affording the husband a fair chance to present his case under defined conditions.