Important Point
An agent cannot become a “pleader” for the party in criminal proceedings, unless the party secures permission from the court to appoint him to act in such proceedings.

Headnote:Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973-Section 303 read with Section 2(q)-Pleader-Power of attorney holder seeking permission to appear and plead on behalf of respondents in criminal case-Appearance of accused cannot be made through a power of attorney holder-An agent cannot become a ‘pleader’ for a party in criminal proceedings unless the party secures permission from Court to appoint him in such proceedings.
       Held : Section 303 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short “the Code”) entitles a person to the right of being defendant by a “pleader” of his choice when proceedings are initiated against him under the Code. “Pleader” is defined in Section 2(q). The definition envelopes two kinds of pleaders within its ambit. The first refers to legal practitioners who are authorised to practise law and the second refers to “any other person”. If it is the latter its essential requisite is that such person should have been appointed with the permission of the court to act in such proceedings. This is in tune with Section 32 of the Advocates Act 1961 which empowers a Court to permit any person, who is not enrolled as an advocate to appear before it in any particular case. But if he is to plead for another person in a criminal court, such permission should be sought for by that person. (Paras 4 & 5)
       It is not necessary that the “pleader” so appointed should be the power of attorney holder of the party in the case. What seems to be condition precedent is that his appointment should have preceded by grant of permission of the court. It is for the court to consider whether such permission is necessary in the given case and whether the person proposed to be appointed is capable of helping the court by pleading for the party, for arriving at proper findings on the issues involved in the case. (Para 6)
       The work in a court of law is a serious and responsible function. The primary duty of criminal court is to administer criminal justice. Any lax or wayward approach, if adopted towards the issues involved in the case, can cause serious consequences for the parties concerned. It is not just somebody representing the party in the criminal court who becomes the pleader of the party. In the adversary system which is now being followed in India, both in civil and criminal litigation, it is very necessary that the courts get proper assistance from both sides. (Para 7)
       Legally qualified persons who are authorised to practise in the courts by the authority prescribed under the statute concerned can appear for parties in the proceedings pending against them. No party is required to obtain prior permission of the court to appoint such persons to represent him in court. Section 30 of the Advocates Act confers a right on every advocate whose name is entered in the roll of advocates maintained by a State Bar Council to practise in all the Courts in India including the Supreme Court. Section 33 says that no person shall be entitled to practise in any Court unless he is enrolled as an advocate under that Act. Every advocate so enrolled becomes a member of the Bar. Bar is one of the main wings of the system of justice. An advocate is the officer of the court and is hence accountable to the court. Efficacious discharge of judicial process very often depends upon the valuable services rendered by the legal profession. (Para 8)
       But if the person proposed to be appointed by the party is not such a qualified person the court has first to satisfy itself whether the expected assistance would be rendered by that person. The reason for the Parliament for fixing such a filter in the definition clause (Section 2(q) of the Code) that prior permission must be secured before a non-advocate is appointed by the party to plead his cause in the court, is to enable the court to verify the level of equipment of such person for pleading on behalf of the party concerned. (Para 9)
       Section 2 of the Power of Attorney Act cannot override the specific provision of a statute which requires that a particular act should be done by a party in person. When the Code requires the appearance of an accused in a court it is no compliance with it if a power of attorney holder appears for him. It is a different thing that a party can be permitted to appear through counsel. Chapter XVI of the Code empowers the Magistrate to issue summons or warrant for the appearance of the accused. Section 205 of the Code empowers the Magistrate to dispense with “the personal attendance of accused, and permit him to appear by his pleader” if he sees reasons to do so. Section 273 of the Code speaks of the powers of the court to record evidence in the presence of the pleader of the accused, in cases when personal attendance of the accused is dispensed with. But in no case can the appearance of the accused be made through a power of attorney holder. So the contention of the appellant based on the instrument of power of attorney is of no avail in this case. (Para 14)
       An agent cannot become a “pleader” for the party in criminal proceedings, unless the party secures permission from the court to appoint him to act in such proceedings. (Para 16)

Judgment

Thomas, J.-Leave granted.

Appellant claims to be the power of attorney holder of a couple (husband and wife) now living in Kuwait. He sought permission of the Sessions Court, Trivandrum to appear and plead on behalf of the said couple who are arrayed as respondents in a criminal revision petition filed before the said Sessions Court (they will be referred to as the respondent-couple). But the Sessions Judge declined to grant permission as the request for such permission did not emanate from the respondent-couple themselves. Thereupon appellant moved the High Court of Kerala under Article 226 of the Constitution for issuance of a direction to the Sessions Judge concerned to grant the permission sought for. A Single Judge of the High Court dismissed the original petition against which appellant filed a writ appeal which too was dismissed by a Division Bench of the High Court.

2. Undeterred by the successive setback in securing a right of audience on behalf of the aforesaid couple the appellant travelled the long distance from the southern end of the country right up to the National Capital to personally argue before the apex Court that he is entitled to plead for the respondent-couple in the Sessions Court. We heard the appellant-in-person though we are still now unable to appreciate why he, instead of incurring so much expenses and strain, did not advise the respondent-couple to engage a counsel for pleading their cause before the Sessions Court.

3. Appellant, during the course of his arguments, referred to a commentary on Criminal Law to support his contention that a power of attorney holder has all powers to act on behalf of his principal. We would assume that the respondent-couple would have executed an instrument of power of attorney empowering appellant to act on their behalf. Can he become a pleader for the respondent-couple on the strength of it?

4. Section 303 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short “the Code”) entitles a person to the right of being defendant by a “pleader” of his choice when proceedings are initiated against him under the Code. “Pleader” is defined in Section 2(q) as this :

" “Pleader”, when used with reference to any proceeding in any Court, means a person authorised by or under any law for the time being in force, to practise in such Court, and includes any other person appointed with the permission of the Court to act in such proceedings.”

5. The definition envelopes two kinds of pleaders within its ambit. The first refers to legal practitioners who are authorised to practise law and the second refers to “any other person”. If it is the latter its essential requisite is that such person should have been appointed with the permission of the court to act in such proceedings. This is in tune with Section 32 of the Advocates Act 1961 which empowers a Court to permit any person, who is not enrolled as an advocate to appear before it in any particular case. But if he is to plead for another person in a criminal court, such permission should be sought for by that person.

6. It is not necessary that the “pleader” so appointed should be the power of attorney holder of the party in the case. What seems to be condition precedent is that his appointment should have preceded by grant of permission of the court. It is for the court to consider whether such permission is necessary in the given case and whether the person proposed to be appointed is capable of helping the court by pleading for the party, for arriving at proper findings on the issues involved in the case.

7. The work in a court of law is a serious and responsible function. The primary duty of criminal court is to administer criminal justice. Any lax or wayward approach, if adopted towards the issues involved in the case, can cause serious consequences for the parties concerned. It is not just somebody representing the party in the criminal court who becomes the pleader of the party. In the adversary system which is now being followed in In

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1999 Supreme(SC) 410

Important PointAn agent cannot become a “pleader” for the party in criminal proceedings, unless the party secures permission from the court to appoint him to act in such proceedings.

Cases Referred (2)

Important Point
An agent cannot become a “pleader” for the party in criminal proceedings, unless the party secures permission from the court to appoint him to act in such proceedings.