B.P.SINHA, C. J.

(1) ON 26/10/1962, the President having been satisfied that a grave national emergency exists. whereby the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by the Chinese aggression, issued a Proclamation declaring the Emergency, under Art. 352 of the Constitution. That declaration of emergency was laid before both Houses of Parliament on 8/11/1962, and was approved by the Rajya Sabha on 13/11/1962, and by the Lok Sabha on 14/11/1962. After the Proclamation of Emergency, as Parliament was not in session, and as the President was satisfied that circumstances existed which rendered it necessary for him to take immediate action for exercise of the powers conferred by cl. (1.) of Art. 123 of the Constitution, he promulgated the Defence of India Ordinance (IV of 1962) on the same date-Octobcr 26, 1962. by s. 3 of the Ordinance, the central government has been empowered to make rules as appear to be necessary or expedient for securing the defence of India and civil defence, the public safety, the maintenance of, public order or the efficient conduct of military operations or for maintaining supplies and services essential to the life of the com