The burden of proving a special charge or pledge over property lies with the claimant. Explicit findings of fact by a lower court regarding the non-existence of such a charge and the lack of genuine evidence are binding on appellate courts.

Viscount Sumner. -

On the 4th August 1919 the firm Piare Lal-Basant Lal of Cawnpore, was adjudged insolvent. A receiver had been appointed, and he had, in the course of his enquiries, learned that 35 bales of cloth, believed to be identified as the property of that firm, were at the godown of the present appellants, who are the firm Tejpal-Jamna Das. He thereupon went there and attached them. At a subsequent date the present appellants made an application in the Court of the Judge of Small Causes at Cawnpore to have the bales remaining after some had been sold and the proceeds of those sold adjudged to them under a charge alleged to have been created by the insolvent firm Evidence was called at considerable length and the matter came to judgment. By that time it seems to be fairly clear that the case put forward by the appellants, as the Court understood it, was that, after dealings between the parties had continued for some time upon the basis of advances being made without any specific pledge, a time came when the bales were taken as a pawn and further bales were pawned from time to time. That, therefore, pointed to some specific date, at which and to some arrangement under which for the first time the bales delivered were charged as a security. For various reasons the Judge found that the case was not made out and he dismissed the application.

The matter then went on appeal to the District Judge of Cawnpore, and, when he came to give judgment, he cleared the ground by various comments on the judgment of the first Judge, and stated as the question for his decision whether the lower Court was right in holding that the appellant firm was in possession, of the goods as pledges and not merely on behalf of the insolvent firm, and, after an elaborate discussion, he arrived at the conclusion that the appeal ought to be allowed.

The case then passed upon second appeal to the High Court at Allahabad which, after again fully considering its judgment, remitted the case to the District Judge in order that he might deal with and find the facts upon six questions, two of which, if answered as they were ultimately answered, would dispose of the case and make it unnecessary to-consider the further issues.

When the matter was remitted another Judge had taken the place of the former District Judge. He went into the case under such disadvantages as resulted from his not having had it in hand from the first, but he found explicitly that the goods seized by the Official Receiver were not pledged by the insolvent firm to the appellant firm at all, and that sundry letters, which, if they were genuine, would have formed the strongest corroboration of the case that the goods had been so pledged, were brought into existence at a date later than that which they bore, for the purpose of supporting the case of the appellants.

Upon the District Judge's report, the High Court found with some regret that there was no question of law upon which they could review his decision; that his findings of fact disposed of the matter; and that the appellants' claim must fail. They did, however, subsequently give leave to appeal, and the appeal is now before their Lordships' Board ex parte. Their Lordships have had the advantage of the full assistance of both the appellants' counsel, and they have considered the matter with great care. It is quite true that the relations of the parties were such as made probable some such arrangement as was alleged, for when moneys are advanced to importers for the purpose of their trade, and the goods are placed in the godown of the lenders, it would be an exceedingly likely course of business that the goods should be regarded as security for the advances and that the lenders should take charge of or at any rate keep control over the realization of the goods and should reduce the advances out of the proceeds when received. It is, however, an arrangement which, though not difficult to prove under certain circumstances, still has to be pro