Viscount Maugham.:-

In this case the appellants were charged in the Protectorate Court of the Somaliland Protectorate that on or about the first week in June 1941, at Harawati Balleh near Bohadle in the District of Burao, Somaliland, each of them did participate in a criminal act, namely intentionally causing the death of Corporal Nur Musa done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all and thereby committed the offence of murder punishable under Ss. 34 and 302, Penal Code, which applies in the Protectorate. The trouble in this case seems to have originated shortly after the Italian forces had been driven out of British Somali land by His Majesty's forces in the year 1941 and was caused partly at least by the circumstance that rifles had been distributed by the Government to a number of the inhabitants to enable them to resist or to protect themselves against the Italians. Rifles were in these circumstances distributed to certain illaloes or native watchmen. In June 1941, one of the rifles so issued was missing, and it was thought to have come into the possession of a sub-tribe of the Dolbahanta known as the Adan Hagar, to whom also some rifles had been distributed. It was in the course of steps taken by a party of 22 illaloes to recover the missing rifle, which however had already been sent by the Adan Hagar to an illalo post at a village called Garrero, that an affray took place between the illaloes and the Adan Hagar resulting in the death of 11 of the illaloes. The two appellants were alleged to be in a party of the Adan Hagar consisting of about forty men armed with about 20 rifles and a light automatic. The trial took place in the month of February 1942, before Captain George Paterson, Legal Secretary, acting as Judge of the Protectorate Court, and three assessors who were Akils (members of a native Court). Nine persons had been charged, but one was too ill to be tried. The appellants belonged to the Adan Hagar sub-tribe. All the defendants pleaded not guilty, the appellant Mohamed Ibrahim relying on an alibi and calling two witnesses in support of it. Mr. Manilal, barrister-at-law was retained by the Government to defend the appellants (amongst others) at the trial and he conducted their defence. A number of witnesses were called. It seems desirable to state very shortly the somewhat unusual circumstances which were dealt with in the judgment of the learned Judge :

"In June 1941, a party of 22 illaloes from Garrero, Bohotleh and Tallabur were investigating the loss of an illalo rifle, and the death of one Iman Mohamed (Abdi Hersi) and for these purposes went to Harawati, where there were some Dolbahanta rer (sub-tribe) Adan Hagar karias. It appears that the missing rifle had come into the possession of the Adan Hagar who decided to send it to the Illalo post at Garrero. This was done and when the Adan Hagar heard that the illaloes were coming they sent a Dolbahanta Akil called Mohamed Abdi and an Elder called Farah Suleman to persuade them to go away. It seems that the illaloes did not believe that the rifle had been returned and they demanded another one as security, possibly because they suspected that this story might simply be a device to get them to return home empty-handed. Anyway, the two emissaries procured a rifle from the Adan Hagar which was handed over to the illaloes. The illaloes did not then leave the neighbourhood and a variety of reasons is suggested as to why they did not do so, the most likely being that as they had also come to investigate a murder they could not leave without finding out something about it.

On the day in question, Mohamed Abdi, sent to the Adan Hagar karias, as he said, to arrange for the supply of some milk to the illaloes, leaving them some distance away. Shortly after, he was followed by Farah Suleman and two of the illalo corporals who were themselves members of the Dolbahanta tribe. They had seen three men returning to the karias and thought they might be the