The main legal point established in this judgment is that a valid claim to land ownership can be established based on the evidence presented and the interpretation of relevant land laws.

Viscount Hailsham:-

This is a case which has given their Lordships considerable trouble. The prosecution was against accused 1 for performing an illegal operation, and against accused 2 for abetting him in that crime. At the trial the learned Judge gave a direction to the Jury, to which exception has been taken by Mr. DeSilva in a very clear and helpful argument, and in which the learned

Judge explained to the Jury his view as to the burden of proof based upon his construction of S. 106 of Ordinance 14 of 1895 in the Ceylon Code. That section enacts that when any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him. With reference to that section the learned Judge told the Jury that :

There is a section which is really the basis of circumstantial evidence so far as it occurs in Ceylon; that section says when any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him. Miss Maye-that is the person upon whom the operation was alleged to have been performed-"was unconscious and what took place in that room that three-quarters of an hour that she was under chloroform is a fact specially within the knowledge of these two accused who were there. The burden of proving that fact, the law says, is upon him, namely that no criminal operation took place but what took place was this and this speculum examination."

Their Lordships are of opinion that that direction does not correctly state the law. It is not the law of Ceylon that the burden is cast upon an accused per. son of proving that no crime has been committed. The jury might well have thought from the passage just quoted that that was in fact a burden which the accused person had to discharge. The summing-up goes on to explain the presumption of innocence in favour of accused persons, but it again reiterates that the burden of proving that no criminal operation took place is on the two accused who were there. If their Lordships thought that the refusal of leave to appeal in this case could be construed as an acceptance of that doctrine, they would be very slow to reject the petition which has been brought before them. But, in fact, the circumstances of the case have been explained to their Lordships, and they are satisfied that on the facts that were explained here, there were circumstances pointing irresistibly to the guilt of the accused quite independently of this direction. It has been repeatedly stated in a series of authorities that their Lordships do not sit as a Court of Criminal Appeal; that the mere fact that there has been some mistake of law does not afford sufficient ground of itself for granting special leave to appeal. Lord Sumner, in a well known passage in the case in Ibrahim v. The King, (1914) AC 599=83 LJ PC 185=111 LT 20=30 TLR 383, reported as 1914 PC 155=23 IC 678=15 Cr CJ 326 (PC), pointed out that Misdirection as such, even irregularity as such, will not suffice. There must be something which in the particular case deprives the accused of the substance of fair trial and the protection of the law, or which in general tends to divert the due and orderly administration of the law into a new course which may be drawn into an evil precedent in future.

The latter danger, it is hoped, is sufficiently guarded against by the observations which their Lordships have thought it right to make. It has been suggested by Mr. DeSilva that the judgment in the recent case in Lawrence v. The King, (1933) AC 699=102 LJPC 148=149 LT 574=50 TLR 13, in some way modified or altered that statement of the law. Lawrence v. The King, (1933) AC 699=102 LJPC 148=149 LT 574=50 TLR 13 is a case in which the actual decision was plainly within the authority of previous cases, because their Lordships held that sentences had been pronounced which were outside the power of the tribunal which purported to pronounce them. It may be that the precise language of the judgment may have to be considered on a more suita