1. Maintenance claim — Eligibility of non-legally wedded wife — Section 125, Code of Criminal Procedure vs. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. (Para 1 )
Back
Next 
2018 Supreme(SC) 1716
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
RANJAN GOGOI, CJI., UDAY UMESH LALIT, K.M. JOSEPH, JJ.
Lalita Toppo - Appellant
Versus
The State of Jharkhand & Anr - Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 1656 of 2015
Decided On : 30-10-2018
Important Points
The DVC Act, 2005 provides relief to victims of domestic violence, including economic abuse, and entitles them to maintenance and a shared household.
Subject
Family Law - Domestic Violence
Act Referred
Headnote
DVC Act, 2005 - Maintenance - Economic Abuse
Fact of the Case:
The appellant sought maintenance under the DVC Act, 2005 despite not being the legally wedded wife and, therefore, not entitled to maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
Finding of the Court:
The court found that the appellant could seek maintenance under the provisions of the DVC Act, 2005, as economic abuse, which includes deprivation of financial resources, constitutes domestic violence under the Act.
Issues: The court declined to answer the questions referred to it, as the appellant had the remedy of approaching the appropriate forum under the provisions of the DVC Act, 2005.
Ratio Decidendi: The court's decision was based on the provisions of the DVC Act, 2005, which provide relief to victims of domestic violence, including economic abuse, and entitle them to a shared household.
Final Decision: The appeal was disposed of, and the appellant was advised to approach the appropriate forum under the provisions of the DVC Act, 2005 for relief.
Legal Category Hierarchy
Advocates:
Advocate Appeared:
For the Appellant : Mr. Kaushik Poddar, AOR Mr. Kumar Ranjan, Adv. Mr. Gautam Singh, Adv. Ms. Isha Singh, Adv.
For the Respondent: Mr. Jayesh Gaurav, Adv. Mr. Gopal Prasad, AOR Mr. Shikhil Suri, Adv. Mr. Shiv Kumar Suri, AOR.
Advocate Appeared:
For the Appellant : Mr. Kaushik Poddar, AOR Mr. Kumar Ranjan, Adv. Mr. Gautam Singh, Adv. Ms. Isha Singh, Adv.
For the Respondent: Mr. Jayesh Gaurav, Adv. Mr. Gopal Prasad, AOR Mr. Shikhil Suri, Adv. Mr. Shiv Kumar Suri, AOR.
Table of Contents
2. Whether a woman not legally wedded is entitled to maintenance under Section 125, Code of Criminal Procedure. (Para 4 )
3. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 provides broader remedies, including maintenance and shared household, for estranged wives or live-in partners. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 )
4. Non-legally wedded wives or live-in partners are entitled to seek maintenance under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, via the concept of economic abuse. (Para 1 , 2 )
5. Referred questions declined to be answered — Appeal disposed of — Appellant directed to seek remedy under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. (Para 4 , 5 )
6. Can a woman who is not a legally wedded wife seek maintenance under the DVC Act, 2005?
Yes, a woman can seek maintenance under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, even if she is not a legally wedded wife and is therefore not entitled to maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. (Para 1 )
7. How does the DVC Act, 2005 define economic abuse in the context of maintenance?
Economic abuse includes the deprivation of any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom, including maintenance and household necessities. (Para 2 )
8. How does the relief under the DVC Act, 2005 compare to Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure?
The DVC Act, 2005 provides more extensive relief than Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, specifically granting estranged wives or live-in partners access to a shared household. (Para 3 )
ORDER
1. The appellant before us would have an efficacious remedy to seek maintenance under the provisions of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (hereinafter referred to “DVC Act, 2005”) even assuming that she is not the legally wedded wife and, therefore, not entitled to maintenance under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. This is because of the provisions contained in Section 3(a) of the DVC Act, 2005 which defines the term “domestic violence” in the following terms:
“3. Definition of domestic violence.- For the purposes of this Act, any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it-
(a) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limp or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
................................
...............................”
2. What would be significant to note is that economic abuse also constitutes domestic violence and economic abuse has been defined by Explanation I(iv) to Section 3 of the DVC Act, 2005 to mean:
“(iv) “economic abuse” includes-
(a) deprivation of all or any economic or financial resources to which the aggrieved person is entitled under any law or custom whether payable under an order of a Court or otherwise or which the aggrieved person requires out of necessity including, but not limited to, household necessities for the aggrieved person and her children, if any, stridhan, property, jointly or separately owned by the aggrieved person, payment of rental related to the shared household and maintenance;
(b) disposal of household effects, any alienation of assets whether movable or immovable, valuables, shares, securities, bonds and the like or other property in which the aggrieved person has an interest or is entitled to use by virtue of the domestic relationship or which may be reasonably required by the aggrieved person or her children or her stridhan or any other property jointly or separately held by the aggrieved person; and
(c) prohibition or restriction to continued access to resources or facilities which the aggrieved person is entitled to use or enjoy by virtue of the domestic relationship including access to the shared household.”
3. In fact, under the provisions of the DVC Act, 2005 the victim i.e. estranged wife or live-in-partner would be entitled to more relief than what is contemplated under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, namely, to a shared household also.
4. The questions referred to us by the Referral Order were formulated on the basis of the decisions of this court rendered in Yamunabai Anantrao Adhav vs. Anantrao Shivram Adhav and another, (1988) 1 SCC 530 and Savitaben Somabhai Bhatiya vs. State of Gujarat and others, (2005) 3 SCC 636 which were rendered prior to the coming into force of the DVC Act, 2005. In view of what has been stated herein before, it is, therefore, our considered view that the questions referred would not require any answer. We, therefore, decline to answer the said questions. The appellant is left with the remedy of approaching the appropriate Forum under the provisions of the DVC Act, 2005, if so advised. If in the event the appellant moves the appropriate Forum under the provisions of the DVC Act, 2005, we would request the said Forum to decide the matter as expeditiously as possible.
5. The appeal is disposed of in the above terms.
