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2021 Supreme(SC) 282

D.Y.CHANDRACHUD, L NAGESWARA RAO, S.RAVINDRA BHAT
IN RE: DISTRIBUTION OF ESSENTIAL SUPPLIES AND SERVICES DURING PANDEMIC – Appellant
Versus
. – Respondent


Advocates appeared:
For the Appellant : By Courts Motion
For the Respondent:Tushar Mehta, SG, Aishwarya Bhati, ASG, K.M. Nataraj, ASG, Rajat Nair, Kanu Agrawal, Digvijay Dam, Amit Sharma, B.V. Balaram Das, Gurmeet Singh Makker, Amit Mahajan, Prashant Singh, Raj Bahadur Yadav, Tushar Mehta, SG, Maninder Singh, ASG, Manish Lavkumar, A.P. Mayee, Anand Grover, Rajeshwari Hariharan, R. Sathyanarayanan, Nupur Kumar, Mantika Haryani, Astha Sharma, Indira Jaising, Nipun Saxena, Paras Nath Singh, Umang Tyagi, Serena Sharma, Mantika Haryani, Astha Sharma, Adit S. Pujari, Kajal Dalal, Mantika Haryani, Simranjeet Singh Rekhi, Astha Sharma, Sridhar Potaraju, Petal Chandhok, Gaichangpou Gangmei, M/s. Trust Legal, Amit Kumar, Gen., Meghalaya, Avijit Mani Tripathi, Shaurya Sahay, Rekha Bakshi, Prashant Bhushan, Cheryl D'souza, Deepak Masih, Manreet Kaur, R.N. Keswani, Sidharth Luthra, Mrs. Ketaki Goswami, Nitin Saluja, Ayush Kaushik, Anjag Gautam, Mahfooz Ahsan Nazki, Polanki Gowtham, Shaik Mohamad Haneef, T. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy, Amitabh Sinha, K.V. Girish Chowdary, Shrey Sharma, S.K. Rungta, Sumit Pragal, Amita Singh Kalkal, Vishnu Shankar Jain, Manju Jetley, Shobha Gupta, Medha Garg, Prachi Mishra, AAG, Sumeer Sodhi, Simran Agarwal, Chaitanya, Anilendra Pandey, Suchita Dixit, Sandeep, Manish Kumar, Rajiv Rangan, Gen., Arunabh Chowdhury, AAG, Krishnaraj Thaker, AAG, Pragya Baghel, Kumar Anurag Singh, Pallavi Langar, Dr. Maneka Guruswamy, Govind Manoharan, Ibad Mushtaq, Aishwarya Murali, Victor Das, Ambika Mathur, Mrs. Shally Bhasin, Charu Ambwani, Yatin Oza, Purvish Jitendra Malkan, Rasesh Parikh, Masoom Shah, Dharita Purvish Malkan, Deepa Gorasia, Alok Kumar, Neha Ambashtha, Nandini Chhabra, Bhavna Sarkar, J. Sai Deepak, Guruswamy Nataraj, Pooja Dhar, V. Shyamohan, Surya Prakash, M/s. Kmnp Law, Amarjit Singh Bedi, Raj Bahadur Yadav, Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Mahendra Singh Singhvi, Gen., Amit Bhandari, Sandeep Kumar Jha, Anand Grover, Abhay Nevagi, Amit Singh, Dhiraj Abraham Philip, Pukhrambam Ramesh Kumar, Anupama Ngangom, Karun Sharma, Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, Anindita Mitra, Samim Ahammed, Supratik Sarkar, Arnab Sinha, Sayanti Sengupta, Jamir Khan, P.S. Patwalia, Ashok Sharma, Gen., Manish Kumar, S.P.M. Tripathi, Swagoti Batchas, Satish Kumar, Atul Nanda, Gen., Manish Tewari, Karan Bharihoke, Neha Sahai Bharihoke, Yajur Bhalla, Deepak Samota, Rohit Kumar Pihal, Ashish Vajpayee, Siddharth Srivastava, Shubham Bhalla, Maninder Singh, Purushendra Kaurav, Gen., Pashupathi Nath Razdan, Palav Agarwal, Sudhanshu Kaushesh, K.P. Jayaram, Astik Gupta, Maitrayee Jagat Joshi, Arjun Garg, Aakash Nandolia, Shrutika Garg, Sunny Choudhary, Pradeep Kumar Yadav, Abhay Singh, Shikha Yadav, Shreekant Verma, Virender Kumar Mumwalia, Sanjeev Malhotra, C.S. Vaidyanathan, Ramesh Babu M. R., Abhay Panday, Manisha Singh, Varun Singh, K.V. Jagdishvaran, G. Indira, Saurabh Kansal, Vikas Jain, Aviral Saxena, Ashu Choudhary, Shantanu Kumar, Mohd. Azhar, Manjeet Rathor, Ruchira Gupta, Shishir Deshpande, Anurag Sharma, Himanshu Chaubey, Shuvodeep Roy, Diksha Rai, Ninmisha Menon, Rahul Mehra, Gautam Narayan, Satyakam, Asmita Singh, Adithya Nair, Avinash B. Amarnath, G.M. Kawoosa, Taruna Ardhendumauli Prasad, Parth Awasthi, Salman Khurshid, Lubna Naaz, Kunika, Zafar Khurshid, Akhand Pratap Singh Chauhan, Tungesh, Nupur Kumar, Chirag M. Shroff, Tarun Gulati, Disha Jham, B. Vijayalakshmi Menon, Sachit Jolly, In-person, Devashish Bharuka, Rajiv Shankar Dvivedi, Niraj Kumar, Mrs. Jaya Bharuka, Ravi Bharuka, Sarvshree, Justine George, Srishti Agarwal, Ankit Agarwal, Taniya Bansal, Rohit Anil Rathi, Balaji Srinivasan, Garima Jain, Pallavi Sengupta, Lakshmi Rao, Aishwarya Choudhary, Aakriti Priya, Mohammed Sharukh, Prateek Yadav, Devasish Garg, Applicant-in-Person, Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma, Applicant-in-Person, Aishwarya Bhati, ASG, Ankit Goel, Ashok Parija, Gen., Odisha, Shibashish Misra, Deepak Prakash, Manoj V. George, Shilpa Liza George, Panmei, Amit Kumar, Sriram P., Pallavi Pratap, Anil Grover, AAG, Bansuri Swaraj, AAG, Dr. Monika Gusain, Vikas Singh, Suhaan Mukerji, Vishal Prasad, Deepeika Kalia, Nikhil Parikshith, Abhishek Manchanda, Kapish Seth, Mrityunjai Singh, Savandeep Pahari, M/s. PLR Chambers & Co., Annam D. N. Rao, Dr. A.P. Singh, Sadashiv, V.P. Singh, Geeta Chauhan, Richa Singh, Sharwan Kumar Goyal, Jai Gopal Saboo, Sanat Kumar, Dy. Gen., Jaswant Singh Rawat, Vikas Singh, Pradeep Kumar Rai, Mahalakshmi Pavani, Arijit Prasad, Brijender Chahar, Sonia Mathur, Vikas Pahwa, Meenesh Dubey, Ritu Bhardwaj, Anupam Mishra, Nina Gupta, Adv, K.V. Bharathi Upadhyaya, Mukesh Kumar Singh, Sasmita Tripathy, Prashant Singh, Prerna Kumari, Seema Patnaha, Nandini Gupta, Rahul Kaushik, Vivek Kolhi, Gen. Sikkim, Sameer Abhyankar, S. Udaya Kumar Sagar, Sweena Nair, Abhimanyu Tewari, Eliza Bar, K.M. Nataraj, ASG, V.N. Raghupathy, Sharath Nambiar, P. Venkat Reddy, Prashant Tyagi, P. Srinivas Reddy, M/s. Venkat Palwai Law Associates, Mrs. K. Enatoli Sema, Amit Kumar Singh, Apratim Animesh Thakur, Prachi Hasija, Siddhesh Kotwal, Manya Hasija, Ana Upadhyay, Nirnimesh Dubey, Ajay Bansal, AAG, Haryana, Gaurav Yadava, Veena Bansal, Sushil Kumar Anand, Sanjay Kumar Visen, Dr. Ashwani Kumar, Raushan Tara Jaswal, Advocates

ORDER

This order has been divided into the following sections to facilitate analysis:

    A. Introduction

    B. Submission by Counsel

    C. National Vaccination Policy

    D. Separation of Powers

    E. Issues with the Liberalized Vaccination Policy

      E.1 Vaccine Procurement and Distribution among Different Categories of the Population

      E.2 Effects of Vaccination by Private Hospitals under the Liberalized Vaccination Policy

      E.3 Basis and Impact of Differential Pricing

      E.4 Vaccine Logistics

      E.5 Digital Divide

    F. Conclusion

A. Introduction

1. Proceedings in the present suo motu writ petition were initiated on 22 April 2021, when this Court took cognizance of the management of the COVID-19 pandemic during the second wave. Subsequently, hearings were conducted on 23 April 2021, 27 April 2021 and 30 April 2021 when submissions were heard on behalf of the Union of India1["UoI"/interchangeably referred to as the "Central Government"], States/Union Territories2["UTs"], learned Amici appointed by this Court and some of the intervenors.

2. On 30 April 2021, this Court passed a detailed order in relation, inter alia, to the following issues: vaccination policy, supply of essential drugs, supply of medical oxygen, medic


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