T. N. VALLINAYAGAM, J.

( 1 ) THESE Writ Petitions are inter-connected, inasmuch as they are concerned with the Standing orders of the institutions which are common in nature and therefore they are dealt with under a common judgment.

( 2 ) W. P. 20302/1991 is filed by the workmen of the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (hereinafter referred to as HAL in brevity) praying to quash the order dated August 5, 1991 bearing No. IE-5/5/6/85/ls-1 passed by the second respondent appellate authority, namely, the Joint Chief labour Commissioner, Government of India.

( 3 ) W. P. 12533/1992 is by the workmen of Indian Telephone Industries (hereinafter referred to as iti in brevity), wherein the prayer is to quash the order dated August 6, 1991 bearing No. IE-5/4/861ls-1 passed by the very same second appellate authority, namely, the Joint Chief labour Commissioner.

( 4 ) W. P. 12787/1992 is filed by the Management of HAL seeking to quash the order of the same joint Chief Labour Commissioner dated August 5, 1991 in No. IE-5/6/86/ls-1.

( 5 ) IN the. T. Industries, the word 'wife' in the Standing Order under Clause 23 (B) has been replaced by the word 'spouse' to mean both men and women workers. T

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