Puttaswamy, J.—M/s. Citizen Watches Company Ltd., Japan (hereinafter referred to as "Citizen"), a company incorporated in the highly industrialised Japan under the laws of that country, with its registered office situated on 20th Floor, Shinjuku Mitsui Building, 1-1-2 Chome Nissi Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, a world leader in the manufacture of wrist watches, is the common petitioner in these cases.

2. Before India attained independence and thereafter wrist-watches manufacturing industry in the country was not well developed. With the avowed object of establishing wrist-watches industry on a firm footing in public sector, to sarve the ever growing demands for wrist-watches in the country, Government of India (hereinafter referred to as "Government") in the later part of 1959, through its accredited representatives negotiated with the Citizen to provide the technical know-how for establishing a modern wrist-watch manufacturing industry in the country. After protracted and delicate negotiations, a technical collaboration agreement was entered into between Government and Citizen on March 25, 1960, (Annex. A) under which the latter agreed to supply the technical know-how to th