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2026 Supreme(Kar) 506

IN THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA AT BENGALURU
H.P.SANDESH, J.
Lakshmi Narayana, S/o.Venkatarayappa – Appellant 
Versus 
Munithayamma, D/o. Munishamappa – Respondent 
Regular Second Appeal No.404 Of 2010 (Par)
Decided On : 31-07-2026

Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellant :Sri. Micheal Chinnappa, Advocate, Sri. G.A.Srikante Gowda, Advocate
For the Respondent:Sri. C.M.Nagabhushana, Advocate, Sri. J.R. Jagadish, Advocate

Daughters' coparcenary rights under the 2005 Amendment are subject to the saving clause for alienations made before 20.12.2004. Furthermore, first appellate courts must adhere to Order 41 Rule 31 CPC and cannot reverse reasoned trial court findings based on hypothetical assumptions.

Headnote:(A) Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 - Section 6(5) - Saving clause - Alienations of property made before 20.12.2004 - Daughter’s right to coparcenary property - Legitimate alienations of property by karta/coparceners prior to the commencement of the Amendment Act are saved; daughters were not coparceners prior to the amendment and subsequent retrospective conferment of status does not invalidate previous dispositions. (Paras 25, 27)

(B) Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Order 41 Rule 31 - Duties of First Appellate Court - The First Appellate Court, as a court of consideration for questions of fact and law, must frame proper points for consideration and cannot reverse a well-reasoned judgment of the Trial Court on a hypothetical basis or based on perceived weaknesses in the opponent's case without cogent evidence. (Paras 24, 28)

(C) Partition and Separate Possession - Burden of proof - A party claiming that suit properties are ancestral must produce documentary evidence to substantiate such a claim; similarly, allegations regarding the unsound state of mind of a proprietor or lack of legal necessity for sale must be proved by the party asserting them. (Paras 21, 22)

Facts of the case:
A daughter filed a suit for partition and separate possession of a share in properties, contending they were ancestral and that her father had lacked the mental capacity and legal necessity to alienate them. The father had sold the properties during his lifetime to various third parties via sale deeds. The trial court dismissed the suit, finding no proof of the ancestral nature of the property or the father's incapacity. The first appellate court reversed this decision, granting the partition decree on the grounds that the trial court's judgment was capricious and perverse.

Findings of Court:
The plaintiff failed to prove the ancestral nature of the properties or the father's mental incapacity. The sales were executed long before the suit was filed and were not challenged by the father during his lifetime. The first appellate court failed to follow the procedure under Order 41 Rule 31 CPC and reversed the trial court's findings without supporting evidence or proper reasoning.

Issues: Whether the judgment of the first appellate court was vitiated for reversing the trial court's decree without meeting the reasoning and whether it was justified to grant a decree for partition based on the perceived weakness of the defendants' case.

Ratio Decidendi: The first appellate court erroneously reversed a reasoned trial court judgment based on hypothetical observations. Under the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, alienations made before 20.12.2004 are saved. Since the properties were sold during the father's lifetime and their ancestral status was not established, the sales are valid, and the daughter has no claim to the property.

Result: Second appeal allowed; judgment and decree of the First Appellate Court set aside; judgment and decree of the Trial Court dismissing the suit restored.

Legal Category Hierarchy

  • property law
    • partition
      • ancestral property (Para 2, 21, 22, 25)
      • coparcenary rights
        • daughters rights (Para 19, 27)
    • sale of property
      • alienation by karta (Para 25, 26)
      • sham transaction (Para 16, 26)
  • family law
    • hindu succession
      • amendment act 2005 (Para 19, 27)
  • practice and procedure
    • appeal
      • first appeal
        • order 41 rule 31 cpc (Para 24, 28)
      • second appeal
        • substantial question of law (Para 12)
    • evidence
      • burden of proof (Para 22)

Table of Contents

1. Daughter filed partition suit claiming share in ancestral property sold by father during his lifetime. (Para 2 , 4 , 6 )

2. Plaintiff argued property was ancestral and father lacked sound mind; defendants argued father sold property during lifetime. (Para 3 , 4 , 5 , 14 )

3. First appellate court reversed trial court without cogent evidence, failing to consider father had sold property long back. (Para 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 )

4. Saving clause under amended Hindu Succession Act protects alienations made before 20.12.2004 when daughters were not coparceners. (Para 19 , 27 )

5. Second appeal allowed; judgment of first appellate court set aside; trial court decree dismissing partition suit restored. (Para 29 )

6. Whether a first appellate court must frame proper points for consideration under Order 41 Rule 31 CPC?

Yes, the appellate court must frame proper points for consideration and cannot reverse a trial court judgment without meeting its reasoning. (Para 24 , 28 )

7. Whether a daughter can challenge sale of property made by father before the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005?

No, dispositions or alienations made before 20.12.2004 are saved as daughters were not coparceners earlier. (Para 19 , 27 )

8. What is the burden of proof on a plaintiff claiming partition of ancestral property?

The plaintiff must prove the property is ancestral by placing documentary evidence and cannot rely on mere pleadings. (Para 21 , 22 )

9. Whether a sale deed can be challenged as sham without proof of no consideration?

No, only the transferor can challenge the sale for lack of consideration; a third party cannot raise such contention. (Para 26 )

10. What is the effect of a sale deed executed by the father of a coparcenary before 2004 amendment?

The sale is saved and the property becomes self-acquired, no longer coparcenary property available for partition. (Para 19 , 25 , 27 )

JUDGMENT :

H.P.SANDESH, J.

Heard the learned counsel for appellant Nos.1 and 2 and the learned counsel for respondent Nos.1 and 3.

2. The factual matrix of the case of the plaintiff before the Trial Court while seeking the relief of partition and separate possession of her 1/4th share in all the suit schedule properties, it is contended that the suit schedule properties are the ancestral properties of Munishamappa and Narayanappa. Munishamappa, the father of the plaintiff, did not have any male children, but only having four daughters. The defendant No.6, Venkatarayappa, was the husband of late Narayanamma, who was the eldest daughter of Munishamappa. He was managing the affairs of the entire family. Munishamappa had a wife by name Channamma, who died about 25 years ago. The said Munishamappa also passed away about 10 years ago. The plaintiff was married to Dyavappa about 20 years ago. During the lifetime of Munishamappa, on his behalf, defendant No.6 was assisting and managing the affairs of said Munishamappa. The said Munishamappa did not have any sound mind and health. After the death of Munishamappa, the plaintiff asked for her share in the suit schedule properties. The defendant Nos.3 to 6 made her believe that the schedule properties are being improved on behalf of all the members of the family of deceased Munishamappa and when a higher value is expected, the entire suit schedule properties would be sold, and the plaintiff would be given her legitimate share. It is contended that none of the defendants had any independent source of income other than the income acquired from the nucleus of property of late Munishamappa. During the month of August 1994, the plaintiff approached the defendants claiming her 1/4th share. But the defendants denied her share in the properties. Hence, the suit is filed for the relief of partition.

3. It is also the contention of the plaintiff that the defendants stated that all the suit schedule properties have become their absolute properties, since late Munishamappa had executed deeds in their favour. Without prejudice to the plaintiff claiming 1/4th share in the schedule properties, the plaintiff contend that Munishamappa did not have any necessity to sell any of the properties during his lifetime. Even if he had sold or alienated, the defendants belonging to joint family of Munishamappa, did not have any independent source of income to purchase the same and their purchase would in turn become joint family property.

4. In pursuance of the suit summons, defendant Nos.1, 2, 5, 6 and the legal representatives of defendant No.7 filed a common written statement. The defendants denied all the averments made in the plaint. But admitted that the plaintiff was married to one Dyavappa 20 years ago. The defendants have denied the allegation that defendant No.6 was assisting and managing the affairs of the said Munishamappa. The defendants also denied that Munishamappa did not have any sound mind and health. The defendants also denied that after the death of Munishamappa, the plaintiff had asked her share. The defendants also denied that the defendants were not having any source of income other than the income acquired from the nucleus of the property of Munishamappa. It is contended that late Munishamappa had executed deeds in their favour and denied the contention that Munishamappa did not have any necessity to sell any of the properties. It is contended that there is no cause of action for filing the suit. It is also contended that item No.1 of the suit schedule property not at all belongs to Mastenahalli Village, Kaiwarva Hobli, Chintamani Taluk. The said property is situated at Marapalli Village, Kaiwarva Hobli, Chintamani Taluk, bearing Sy.No.10/3 measuring 0.25 guntas. The said land is sold by Munishamappa, who is the father of the plaintiff and defendant Nos.1 and 2 to one Ghouse Sab of Kaiwara Village. The said Ghouse Sab sold the same to one Bachanna of Mastenahalli. The said Bachanna sold the same

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