Important Points
1. In the absence of any expression provision in IPC incorporating the definition of ‘principal employer’ in explanation 2 to Section 405 this definition cannot be held to apply to the term ‘employer in explanation 2.
2. Directors of Company would not be covered by the definition of ‘principal employer’ when company itself owns the factory and is also employer of its employees and as such directors cannot be prosecuted for criminal breach of trust under Section 405/406 IPC.

Headnote:Indian Penal Code, 1860—Section 405, Explanation 2/Section 406 read with Section 40(2) of Employees State Insurance Act, 1948—Criminal breach of trust—Failure to remit contribution—Liability of Directors of Company—Directors not covered by definition principal employer when company itself owns factory—Definition of ‘principal employer’ not incorporated in Explanation 2 to Section 405—Definition of ‘Principal employer’ does not apply to term ‘employer’ in Explanation 2 to Section 405—In ordinary parlance it is company which is the employer and not its directors—Directors not liable for prosecution.
       Held : Section 2(17) defines the “principal employer” in a factory as the owner or occupier of the factory. “Occupier” of a factory is defined in Section 2(15) as having the same meaning assigned to it in the Factories Act, 1948, Section 2(n) of the Factories Act, 1948 as it stood at the relevant time, defined an “Occupier” to mean the person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the factory, Section 100 of the Factories Act dealt with the determination of occupier in certain cases. Under sub-section (2) where the occupier was a company, any directors thereof could be prosecuted and punished for any offence for which the occupier was liable. Section 2(17) of the Employees’ State Insurance Act, however, defines the principal employer as either owner or occupier-taking care of all eventualities. When the owner of the factory is the principal employer, there is no need to examine who is occupier. The owner will be the principal employer under Section 40. (Paras 3 & 4)
       When the definition of principal employer in Section 2(17) refers to the “owner” or “occupier” of a factory, the principal employer can be either the owner or the occupier depending upon the facts of each case. When there is an owner of the factory that owner must be considered as the principal employer liable for contribution. (Para 6)
       Under Section 40 the words “owner” and “occupier” have been used disjunctively. The Court also referred to Section 100 of the Factories Act and said that even under the Factories Act, 1948, the Legislature has clearly contemplated that in the case of a factory, a company can be the “occupier”. Therefore, when the owner of a factory is a company it is the company which is the principal employer and not its director. (Para 7)
       Therefore, even if we read the definition of “principal employer” under the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 in Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code, the directors of the company, in the present case, would not be covered by the definition of “principal employer” when the company itself owns the factory and is also the employer of its employees at the head office. (Para 10)
       In any event, in the absence of any expression provision in the Indian Penal Code incorporating the definition of “principal employer” in Explanation 2 to Section 405, this definition cannot be held to apply to the term “employer” in Explanation 2. As the High Court has observed, the term “employer” in Explanation 2 must be understood as in ordinary parlance. In ordinary parlance it is the company which is the employer and not its directors either singly or collectively. (Para 11)
       Result : Appeal dismissed.

Judgment

Mrs. Sujata V. Manohar, J.—The respondents were, at the material time, directors of a company M/s. Indo Japan Steel Ltd. The company has a factory and head office at Calcutta. Under the provisions of Section 40 of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, the “principal employer” is required to pay, in respect of every employee, whether directly employed by him or by or through an immediate employer, both the employer’s contribution and the employee’s contribution. Under sub-section (2) of Section 40 the principal employer, in the case of an employee directly employed by him, is entitled to recover from the employee the employee’s contribution by deduction from his wages. Under sub-section (4) any sum deducted by the principal employer from wages under this Act shall be deemed to have been entrusted to him by the employee for the purpose of paying the contribution in respect of which it was deducted. The complainant who is the appellant before us inspected the head office of the company and found that the company had deducted a sum of Rs. 2,223.50 as employees share of contribution from their wages during the period February 1981 to September 1981. The employer, however, had failed to deposit the said amount in the Employees’ State Insurance Fund within the specified time.

2. Thereupon the appellant lodged a complaint against the respondents of criminal breach of trust under Section 405 Explanation 2 of the Indian Penal Code read with Section 406 of the Indian Penal Code. On the basis of this complaint the learned Magistrate took cognizance and issued summons against the respondents to stand trial. The learned Magistrate also issued a search warrant for seizure of certain records of the company as prayed for by the complainant. Aggrieved thereby, the respondents filed an application under Section 401/482 of the Criminal Procedure Code for quashing the proceedings in the said case. The High Court by its impugned judgment has quashed the proceedings on the ground that the respondents cannot be considered as ‘employers’ within the meaning of Explanation 2 to Section 405 read with Section 406 of the Indian Penal Code. Hence they were not liable for prosecution under Section 406. From this judgment the present appeal has been filed by the original complainant.

Section 405 Explanation 2 is as follows:-

“405. Criminal breach of trust.—Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or wilfully suffers any other person so to do, commits “criminal breach of trust”.

Explanation 1: ............

Explanation 2: A person, being an employer, who deducts the employees’ contribution from the wages payable to the employee for credit to the Employees’ State Insurance Fund held and administered by the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, shall be deemed to have been entrusted with the amount of the contribution so deducted by him and if he makes default in the payment of such contribution to the said Fund in violation of the said Act, shall be deemed to have dishonestly used the amount of the said contribution in violation of a direction of law as aforesaid.”

Explanation 2 was inserted by the Employees’ State Insurance Amendment Act 38 of 1975. Explanation 2 makes “a person being an employer” who deducts the employee’s contribution from the wages payable to the employee liable for criminal breach of trust if he commits a default in the payment of such contribution to the Employees’ State Insurance Fund. Under Section 11 of the Indian Penal Code the word “person” includes any company or association or body of person whether incorporated or not. The High Court has held that the te

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