( 1 ) THE respondents in these 19 appeals are students of different medical schools who appeared at the Intermediate Licentiateship Examination of the State Medical Faculty of West Bengal in June, 1951, at the Burdwan Centre. Of them, some appeared only in the Anatomy paper and the rest in all the three subjects, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology. The written examination was held on the 7th June 1951, and the oral examination on the 18th June 1951. On the 28th June 1951, one of the three examiners in Physiology sent a report to the Secretary, State Medical Faculty, in which he stated that while correcting answer papers of questions Nos. 1 and 2 he found that almost all the answer papers were the same in language and content, that when the same questions were put to these candidates in the oral examination not a single student could answer them, that some of them could not follow the meaning of the answer paper when the contents were read to them and that in his opinion unfair means were taken by the candidates in the written examination either copying from slips of loose paper inside the examination hall or the answer papers were collected by the candidates