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1982 Supreme(Guj) 113

Gujarat High Court
Judgename :N.H.BHATT
BAI DAHI D/o MANCHHABHAI KIKABHAI - Appellant
Versus
HIRALAL CHELABHAI LAKDAWALA - Respondent
CRIMINAL APPEAL 186 of 1976
Decided On : 07/30/1982

Advocates Appeared: D.D.Vyas, S.H.SANJANWALA

Headnote:

Indian Evidence Act - Section 68 – Gift Deed – Transmission of Right - Gift deed in question was not proved and transmission right title and interest plaintiff and in suit property had not got transferred plaintiff and that it continued to be vested plaintiff gift deed has been spoken to by plaintiff and plaintiff has specifically proved it by speaking clearly that it was plaintiff who had executed gift deed and got it registered after getting it attested by attesting witnesses whom had put their signatures on deed in question in his presence -Stated that as - Disposed in those days Registrar was specially summoned residence plaintiff registration formality was undertaken - However contended that unless an attesting witness was examined to prove due execution by plaintiff document in question namely could not be said to have been duly proved - Held, Last contention that was vigorously put forward was that by virtue provisions Easement Act licence land was irrevocable because licensee by acting upon licence had executed the work of a permanent character and incurred expenses execution - Both courts below have held that it was who had put up the structure and that it is being used purpose residence - So incurring of execution work licensee is a matter that stands concluded it being a finding of fact - Next question is whether work is of a permanent character or now - Work permanent character occurring in has been subject matter of judicial pronouncement in case - In that case it has been held that even structure of hut by licensee can be treated as a work of permanent character - Similar is view of Nagpur High Court case of what the authority is that if there is an intention to put up a structure for residence for an indefinite period structure though not a permanent one from engineering point of view can be designated as a permanent structure - In other words permanency is not related to material used for purpose of construction but is stated to be related duration for which it is intended be used - As accept this principle for purpose of this do not deal with character structure which appears to be a hut mostly made of mud walls and of material that may not be of a very long duration - Appeal dismissed

N. H. BHATT, J.

( 1 ) THE third contention advanced by Mr. Vyas was that the gift deed in question was not proved and so the transmission of the right title and interest of the plaintiff no. 1 to and in the suit property had not got transferred to the plaintiff no. 2 and that it continued to be vested in the plaintiff no. 1. The gift deed has been spoken to by the plaintiff and the plaintiff no. 2 has specifically proved it by speaking clearly that it was the plaintiff no. 1 who had executed the gift deed and got it registered after getting it attested by the attesting witnesses all of whom had put their signatures on the deed in question in his presence. The plaintiff no. 2 also stated that as the plaintiff no. 1 was ill-disposed in those days the Registrar was specially summoned to the residence of the plaintiff no. 1 and the registration formality was undertaken. Mr. Vyas however contended that unless an attesting witness was examined to prove the due execution by the plaintiff no. 1 the document in question namely ex. 88 could not be said to have been duly proved. Reliance in support of this plea was sought for from sec. 68 of the Indian Evidence Act the proviso of which clearly lays down that where execution of a document is not specifically denied by the maker thereof an attestant of document duly registered under the provisions of the Indian Registration Act is not compulsory to be examined. Mr. Vyas then stated that there was no acceptance but the evidence of the plaintiff no. 2 clearly shows that he had accepted the gift. The deed itself mentions that there was acceptance of the gift by the delivery of possession. So the gift deed can be said to be duly proved and acted upon.

( 2 ) THE last contention that was vigorously put forward by Mr. Vyas was that by virtue of the provisions of sec. 60 of the Easement Act the licence of the land was irrevocable because the licensee by Dahi acting upon the licence had executed the work of a permanent character and incurred expenses in the execution. Both the courts below have held that it was Bai Dahi who had put up the structure and that it is being used for the purpose of her residence. So the incurring of expenses in the execution of the work by the licensee is a matter that stands concluded it being a finding of fact. The next question is whether the work is of a permanent character or not. The work permanent character occurring in sec. 60 has been the subject matter of judicial pronouncement in the case of Dayaram v. Deorao A. I. R. 1926 Nagpur 376. In that case it has been held that even the structure of a kachcha hut by the licensee can be treated as a work of permanent character. Similar is the view of the Nagpur High Court in the case of Dwarka v. Gaurishanker A. I. R. 1943 Nagpur 77. What the authority emphasised is that if there is an intention to put up a structure for residence for an indefinite period the structure though not a permanent one from the engineering point of view can be designated as a permanent structure. In other words the permanency is not related to the material used for the purpose of construction but is stated to be related to the duration for which it is intended to be used. As I accept this principle for the purpose of this appeal I do not deal with the character of the structure which appears to be a hut mostly made of mud walls and of material that may not be of a very long duration. However the circumstances under which this house-maid was given this land for putting up a structure indicate that there was no intention on the part of the plaintiff no. 1 to see that she put up a structure for an indefinite period nor could it be said that Bai Dahi had acted on the license and put up a structure which would be permanent. It is to be remembered that she had been invited to this place at the time of some ladys delivery in the family and then she was attending to the household work as a maid servant. From the very nature of this invitation it can be



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