Judges : K.S.RADHAKRISHNAN,PIUS C.KURIAKOSE
Vijayakumari - Appellant
Versus
Devabalan - Respondent
Case No : A.F.A. No. 66 of 1990
Decided On : 07/17/2003
Advocates Appeared :
Thottathil B. Radhakrishnan; G. Unnikrishnan; For Appellants S. Prakasam; M. Balagovindan; P.V. Ramesh Shankar; For Respondents.
Hindu Marriage Act 1955 – Section 5, 2(3) – Christian Succession Act – Special Marriage Act – Valid marriage – Owner of property – Gift deed – Possession – Written statement – Guardianship – Trespass – Plaintiffs, first defendant and Santhakumari are children of fourth defendant – Plaint schedule property was obtained, father of fourth defendant, under partition deed of year – They are Hindu Nadars governed by Hindu Mitakshara Law – Second defendant is husband of first defendant – However, third defendant did not get any title to property since he is not a bona fide purchaser – On strength of sale deed third defendant attempted to trespass upon property – Suit was instituted stating that in case court finds that third defendant is in possession of plaint schedule properties plaintiffs may be allowed to recover same from him with mesne profits – They also prayed for partition and separate allotment of their share in plaint schedule properties – Held, Apex Court in Kamala Devi v. Bachulal Gupta and Gurumma Bhratar v. Mallappa Chembasappa held that manager of a Hindu family can make a gift of a reasonable portion of joint family property to a daughter – Apex Court held that father or his representative can make a valid gift by way of reasonable provision for maintenance of daughter, regard being had to financial and other relevant circumstances of family – Court held that it is not possible to lay down a hard and fast rule, prescribing quantitative limits of such a gift as that would depend on facts of each case and it can only be decided by courts, regard being had to overall picture of extent of family estate, number of daughters to be provided for and other paramount charges and other similar circumstances – Appeal Allowed
Key Points: - The court held that the marriage between fourth defendant (a Christian) and Mariya Augustine (a Christian) is not a valid marriage under the Hindu Marriage Act (!) . The marriage can only be solemnised between two Hindus under Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act (!) . - The court held that children born out of a marriage between a Hindu father and a non-Hindu mother are to be fixed by the religion of the mother, and therefore the children in this case are Christians (!) (!) . - The court held that since the children are Christians, the concept of a coparcenary joint family is not applicable, and the fourth defendant became the absolute owner of the property upon Adichan Nadar's death, making the gift deed valid (!) . - The court noted that, even if the property were joint family property, the manager of a Hindu family can make a gift of a reasonable portion to a daughter, and the quantitative limits depend on the facts of each case (!) . - The court found that the fourth defendant did not exceed the permissible limits in executing the gift deed to his daughter, considering similar gifts made to another daughter (!) .
1. Defendants 1 and 2 are the appellants. Suit was instituted by the plaintiffs for declaration of title and for consequential reliefs.
2. Plaintiffs case can be briefly stated as follows: Plaintiffs, first defendant and Santhakumari are the children of fourth defendant. Plaint schedule property was obtained by Adichan Nadar, father of the fourth defendant, under partition deed of the year 1079. They are Hindu Nadars governed by Hindu Mitakshara Law. Second defendant is the husband of the first defendant. The property obtained by Adichan Nadar devolved on the fourth defendant and he was in possession of the same as Manager of the joint family. Plaintiffs obtained right over the properties of the joint family by their birth. On 13.3.1975 fourth defendant representing himself as the sole owner of the property, executed a gift deed in respect of the plaint schedule property in favour of defendants 1 and 2. According to the plaintiffs, properties are co-parcenary properties and hence fourth defendant is not competent to execute any document. Consequently first defendant did not get possession of the property. Later fourth defendant cancelled the gift deed and plaintiffs are in possession of the property and getting income therefrom. Defendants 1 and 2 executed sale deed in favour of the third defendant. However, third defendant did not get any title to the property since he is not a bona fide purchaser. On the strength of the sale deed third defendant attempted to trespass upon the property. Suit was instituted stating that in case court finds that third defendant is in possession of the plaint schedule properties plaintiffs may be allowed to recover the same from him with mesne profits. They also prayed for partition and separate allotment of their share in the plaint schedule properties.
2. Defendants 1 and 2 in the written statement contended that gift deed was valid. According to them, plaintiffs and defendants are all Christians and not Hindus. Plaintiffs 2 to 4 are under the guardianship of the father of the fourth defendant and are residing with them. They are not under the guardianship of the first plaintiff. After the death of Adichan Nadar fourth defendant inherited his properties as his only son. He was in possession of the properties as the absolute owner and not as Manager of a joint family. Plaintiffs did not get any right over the plaint schedule property by their birth. It was also contended that parties are not Hindus governed by the Hindu Mitakshara Law. It was contended that gift given to a daughter at the time of her marriage is really in lieu of share of the daughter and as such it was quite valid under the Christian Succession Act. Third defendant also filed written statement supporting the contentions raised by defendants 1 and 2. It was stated by the third defendant that he obtained possession from defendants 1 and 2 under the sale deed taken by him and that he was in absolute possession of one acre and 25 cents out of the plaint schedule properties. In order to establish the case PW.1 was examined on the side of the plaintiffs and Exts.A1 to A18 were marked. On the side of the defendants D.Ws.1 to 6 were examined and Exts.B1 to B15 were produced and marked.
3. Trial court after examining the oral and documentary evidence came to the conclusion that plaintiffs and the fourth defendant are not Hindus and that the plaint schedule property is the joint family property. It was also held that the gift deed dated 13.3.1975 is valid. Court also held that plaint schedule property cannot be taken as self acquisition of the defendants and that it is joint family property registered in the name of the fourth defendant for the benefit of the joint family. The court did not accept the argument of the counsel for the defendants that plaint schedule property is not joint family property and that it belongs to fourth defendant. After upholding that the gift deed was valid trial court dismissed the suit. Aggrieved
Reffered to AIR 1988 SC 644; AIR 1957 SC 434; AIR 1964 SC 51
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