1. These writ petitions are all by Managers of Aided Elementary Schools in the Malabar area, with the exception of O.P. No. 617 of 1958, wherein a teacher has also joined as the 2nd petitioner. But at the time of hearing the learned Advocate of the petitioners in O.P. No. 617 of 1958 has agreed to treat the petition as one by the 1st petitioner alone, who is the Manager of the Upper Primary School, Payyoli. So that, all these petitions are by Managers of aided elementary schools and the question involved in them is regarding the effect of the Rules for the grant of recognition and aid to Elementary schools and the nature and scope of the powers of the Officers of the Educational Department and the government in hearing appeals against orders arising from those Rules.

2. In O.P. No. 467 of 1957 the 4th respondent, who was a teacher in the Nemmeni Aided Lower Primary School, Kollengode, tendered his resignation on 30th August, 1954, on the strength of which the Manager of the said school terminated his services. Thereafter, there was an enquiry by the Deputy Inspector, Kollengode Range, and also by the District Educational Officer, Palghat. The 4th respondent contended tha