The main legal point established in the judgment is the liability of the respondents for misapplication, misfeasance, and breach of trust under Section 543 of the Companies Act, and the determination of their joint and several liability to contribute to the assets of the company by way of compensation.

These appeals were heard along with, and in continuation of Appeals Nos. 137, 139, 140 of 1963, etc., in which we have just delivered judgment.* They arise from Application No. 2 of 1959 filed by the Official Liquidator of the Popular Bank Ltd., under Section 543 of the Companies Act. The parties to this application are, with one difference, the same as the parties to Application No. 1 of 1959 against which A. S. Nos. 137, 139, 140 of 1963, etc., were directed, the only difference being, that the 9th respondent in Application No. 1 cf 1959, is not a party hereto. The result is, that Respondents 10 and 11 in Application No. 1 of 1959 are respondents 9 and 10 in Application No. 2 of 1959. Save where expressly indicated reference would hereinafter be made to the ranks of the parties as before the Trial Judge.

* Reported in AIR 1970 Kerala 120.

2. Application No. 2 of 1959 sought to make the Respondents liable for misfeasance and breach of trust, in relation to the Company, and for misapplication and retainer of the money and property of the Company, and as being accountable for such money and property. The misfeasance, mis-application, retainer, breach of trust and accountability were claimed under six principal heads. First it was complained that Respondents 1 to 8, the Directors of the Company did not exercise adequate control in the matter of advances of the Company's funds, and in consequence, Respondents 9 and 10 advanced large amounts to various parties without taking adequate securities for the advances and from whom it was not possible to recover the whole or a substantial portion of the advances. Not only were steps not taken to recover the amounts covered by the advances, but the Board of Directors ratified the advances on 10-11-1955. A list of such advances made, together with the amounts likely to prove unrealisable was furnished in Schedule I. The unrealisable amounts aggregate to Rs. 4,76,746/-Secondly. it was alleged that several amounts were withdrawn by Respondents 9 and 10 from other banks, and were wrongfully retained and mis- appropriated. Respondents 1 to 8, who had knowledge of the said withdrawals did not take any steps to recover the amounts withdrawn. The withdrawals thus made were covered up by false entries, made by Respondents 9 and 10 with the knowledge of the Respondents 1 to 8, of advances to different customers of the Company. These fictitious advances were also ratified on 10-11-1955. The list of the withdrawals from other banks was furnished in Schedule II aggregating to Rs. 1,60,500/-. A list of the false and fictitious entries of advances made to cover up the misappropriations was shown in Schedule III. The amount covered by such entries comes to Rs. 1,99,000/-. Thirdly it was contended that Respondents 1 to 8, prepared and published false balance-sheets for the years 1954 and 1956 showing profits when the Bank had actually incurred heavy loss. The amounts paid as dividends for the said two years was shown in Schedule IV. Rs. 12,311-8-10 was claimed under this head. Fourthly, it was alleged that there were manipulations and falsification of Accounts in the Bills Negotiated Account of the Company. Several bills have been entered as negotiated, which were actually not so negotiated. A list of bills in the Bills Negotiated Account in respect of which no bills have been actually negotiated, was shown in Schedule V. The amount covered thereby totals to Rs. 98,700/-. Fifthly, Respondents 3 and 5 sanctioned and caused to be paid to the 9th Respondent, a sum of Rs. 7,500/- in February 1956, on a Demand Promissory Note without any security, knowing that the 9th Respondent had no means to repay the loan. A sum of Rs. 10,000/- deposited by Sri N. Narayanaswamy was also misappropriated. Sixthly it was alleged that there were manipulations in the Profit and Loss Account of the Company. The defences raised will be referred to in the course of the judgment. On these heads of claim, the learned Trial