The first petitioner in these writ petitions are registered associations of private bus operators in Kerala and the 2nd petitioner in the respective writ petitions are members of those associations, who are holding stage carriage permits, which are operated as 'city service'. They have filed these writ petitions invoking writ jurisdiction of this Court under Article 226 of Constitution of India challenging certain amendments made to the Kerala Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989, whereby door shutters are insisted for stage carriages operating as city and town services. Since common issues are raised, these writ petitions were heard together and are being disposed of by this common judgment.

2.1. W.P. (C) No. 21920 of 2016:- The first petitioner, the Kerala Bus Transport Association, is a registered association of stage carriage operators in Kerala and the second petitioner is a member of that association, who is the holder of a regular permit on the route Aluva-Palluruthy, in respect of stage carriage bearing registration No.KL-07/AK-4447, which is operated as 'city service'. The petitioners have filed this writ petition seeking a declaration that the Kerala Motor Vehicles (Second