High Court Of Himachal Pradesh
A.P.SEN,S.NATARAJAN
M.VEERAPPA - Appellant
Versus
EVELYN SEQUEIRA - Respondent
Civil Appeal No. 131 of 1988 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition No. 7788 of 1986)
Decided On : 01/13/1988
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE - SUIT FOR DAMAGES - ABATEMENT - DEATH OF PLAINTIFF - WHETHER SUIT ABATED - INTERPRETATION OF SECTION 306 OF THE INDIAN SUCCESSION ACT, 1925 - DISTINCTION BETWEEN PERSONAL INJURIES AND INJURIES TO THE ESTATE - APPLICABILITY OF THE MAXIM 'ACTIO PERSONALIS CUM MORITUR PERSONA' - LEGAL PRACTITIONERS (FEES) ACT, 1926 - LIABILITY OF LEGAL PRACTITIONERS FOR NEGLIGENCE.
Fact of the Case:
A tenant, after losing an eviction case in the High Court, engaged an advocate to file an appeal in the Supreme Court. The appeal was dismissed as withdrawn. The tenant filed a suit against the advocate for damages and compensation, alleging negligence and misconduct. During the pendency of the suit, the tenant died, and his legal representatives applied to be substituted as plaintiffs. The trial court dismissed the suit as having abated, but the High Court allowed the substitution and declared the legal representatives entitled to continue the suit.
Finding of the Court:
The Supreme Court held that the suit did not abate on the death of the plaintiff. The Court interpreted Section 306 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925, and held that the words 'other personal injuries not causing the death of the party' must be read ejusdem generis with the words 'defamation' and 'assault', and not with the word 'assault' alone. The Court held that the suit was not founded solely on personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff, but also on the loss suffered by his estate due to the alleged breach of contract by the advocate. The Court also discussed the liability of legal practitioners for negligence under the Legal Practitioners (Fees) Act, 1926.
Issues: 1. Whether the suit abated on the death of the plaintiff? 2. Whether the suit was founded solely on personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff? 3. Whether the legal representatives were entitled to continue the suit?
Ratio Decidendi: 1. The Court held that the suit did not abate on the death of the plaintiff because the cause of action survived to the legal representatives under Section 306 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925. The Court interpreted the words 'other personal injuries not causing the death of the party' to mean injuries to the person other than those which cause death or tangibly affect the estate of the deceased injured person or cause an accretion to the estate of the deceased wrongdoer. 2. The Court held that the suit was not founded solely on personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff, but also on the loss suffered by his estate due to the alleged breach of contract by the advocate. The Court noted that the plaintiff had claimed damages for loss of reputation, mental agony, worry, and loss of income, as well as for the refund of court fees and expenses incurred in engaging another advocate. 3. The Court held that the legal representatives were entitled to continue the suit because the right to sue survived to them under Section 306 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925.
Final Decision: The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and directed the trial court to determine whether the suit was founded entirely on torts, entirely on contract, or partly on torts and partly on contract, and to proceed with the suit accordingly.
Natarajan, J.- Leave granted.
2. The limited question falling for our determination in this appeal by special leave is whether a suit for damages already instituted against a counsel has abated or not consequent on the death of the plaintiff.
3. We may now scan the facts. Pursuant to the High Court of Karnataka confirming an order of eviction passed against him in respect of his business premises, a tenant by name Mr. Sequeira wanted to prefer an appeal to the Supreme Court. For that purpose he met the appellant, who is an advocate practising in the Supreme Court, on 14-6-1971 at Mangalore during the latters visit to that place and engaged him to file the appeal. The special leave petition came up for hearing on 22-11-1971 and was "dismissed as withdrawn". Mr. Sequeira then filed a suit O. S. No. 255 of 1972 in the Court of the District Munsif, Mangalore against the appellant for damages and compensation. He alleged in the plaint that the appellant had been negligent in rendering professional services and had mis-conducted himself by filing the appeal after considerable delay and giving misleading information about the filing of the appeal and furthermore in withdrawing the appeal instead of canvassing for its admission. He further alleged that as a consequence of the appeal being dismissed, he came to be evicted from his business premises and thereby he had incurred loss of income as he bad been unable to secure an alternate place for running his business besides suffering mental agony, worry and loss of reputation, The plaintiff, therefore, claimed that the appellant was liable to compensate him in a sum of Rs. 20,000 towards the loss sustained by him but he was however content to restrict the amount to Rs, 4,500. In addition he claimed a sum of Rs, 1,500 under three heads of Rs. 500 each viz., (1) refund of Rs. 500 paid towards court fee and miscellaneous expenses, (2) reimbursement of Rs. 500 expended for engaging another advocate to obtain a certified copy of the order of the Supreme Court in the special leave petition and (3) compensation towards wrongful retention of the case file by the appellant and reimbursement of expenses incurred for telephone and postal charges. Thus in all the suit was laid against the appellant for a sum of Rs. 6,000 by way of damages and compensation besides costs etc.
4. The appellant entered appearance in the suit and filed a written statement refuting the charges of negligence and misconduct levelled against him by the plaintiff and also disputing the plaintiffs right to seek damages or reimbursement of amounts from him under any of the heads set out in the plaint.
5. During the pendency of the suit the plaintiff died and his legal representatives, who are the respondents herein, filed a petition under Order XXII, Rule 3 (1) of the Code of Civil Procedure seeking their substitution in the suit for prosecuting the suit further. The appellant opposed the application and contended that as the suit was one for damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff, the suit abated on his death as per the maxim-Actio personalis cum moritur persona. The District Munsif upheld the objection and dismissed the suit as having abated but the High Court held otherwise and declared the legal representatives to be entitled to get impleaded and continue the suit. The learned single Judge who allowed the Revision has taken the view that Krishna Behari Sen v. Corporation of Calcutta, ILR 3 Cal 993, sets out the correct ratio and hence he was following it in preference to the ratio laid in Rustomji Dorabji v. W. H. Nurse, ILR 44 Mad 357 ; Motilal Satyanarain and another v. Harnarain Premsukh and another, AIR 1923 Bom 40&. The said order of the learned single Judge is under challenge in this appeal.
6. Even at the threshold of the judgment we my say that the ratio followed by the High Court is not a correct one. Section 306 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 which corresponds to sect
Login now and unlock free premium legal research
Login to SupremeToday AI and access free legal analysis, AI highlights, and smart tools.
Login
now!
India’s Legal research and Law Firm App, Download now!
Copyright © 2023 Vikas Info Solution Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved.