Stamp duty is a duty on an instrument, and the measure of charge may be fixed or ad valorem. Substitution of "consideration" by "market value" in the Indian Stamp Act did not alter the character of stamp duty as a duty on an instrument.

K. VEERASWAMI, C.J. :- These appeals by the State are filed against a common judgement of Palaniswamy, J., who struck down the Indian Stamp (Madras Amendment) Act, 1967, as unconstitutional. He did so on the view that substitution of "consideration" by "market value" in the Indian Stamp Act has converted stamp duty into a tax on property, and that it also violated Arts. 14 and 19(1)(f) of the Constitution. In our opinion, this view cannot be sustained.

2. We agree with him that stamp duty is a duty on an instrument as defined in the Stamp Act, and that this concept as to the character of the duty is in accordance with the British and Indian Legislative practice, and the scope of Entry 44 in List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, to wit "stamp duty other than the duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty." But we cannot agree with him that the substitution made by the Amending Act has altered the character of the duty. While stamp duty is a

charge on the instrument which by itself is the taxable event, the measure of charge may be fixed or ad valorem.

Chargeable event which is an instrument, as defined in the Act and described in the first column of the First Schedule to the Act, is not to be confined or mixed up, or identified with the measure of duty, which is indicated in the second column of that Schedule. Sec. 3 of the principal Act, which is the charging section makes this clear, that is, what attracts liability to duty is the instrument of the particular description, the charge is on the instrument, not on the consideration or amount indicated in thee document which is but a measure of, or thee basis for computation of the extent of liability to stamp duty. The section says that every instrument mentioned in the schedule, subject to exemptions or exceptions, shall be chargeable with duty of the amount indicated in that Schedule as the proper duty therefor. Liability to duty it on its instrument, and its quantum depends on its description as well as the measure indicated in the First Schedule to the Act. To illustrate, an acknowledgment attracts stamp duty as an instrument, and for an instrument of that character or description, the proper stamp duty is fixed as 15 p. Conveyance in entry 23 of the Schedule attracts duty as an instrument of conveyance, but the proper stamp duty it measured on the amount of value of the consideration for such conveyance as act forth therein, which works out on a slab basis. Section 27 of the principal Act requires facts affecting duty to be set forth in the instrument. If the value of the property is understood. Section 64 makes it an offence punishable with One. But on that account an instrument will not become void, nor is it rendered inadmissible in evidence. The Amending Act, in order to check evasion, requires, by the substitution complained against, market value to be mentioned in the instrument of conveyance, gift, or partition as the basis for measure of the extent of liability, or quantum of stamp duty with which such instrument is chargeable, and provides for determination of be true market value where it is suspected to be understated, and right of appeal to Court by an aggrieved party. We are dearly of opinion that the amendment to that effect has not shifted the chargeable event from an instrument to market value, and the duty after the Amending Act is still on the instrument, and not on the market value any more than consideration mentioned therein. We hold that the Amending Act is within the competence of the State Legislature.

3. Again, with respect, we are also unable to agree that market value is such an uncertain and indefinite matter so as to make the Court hold that the amendment is arbitrary or unreasonable involving violation of Arts. 14 and 19(1)(f) of the Constitution. The expression 'market value' as a basis for direct tax or for quantification of tax is to be found in several of the taxing statu