The main legal point established is the requirement to prove due execution of a mortgage in accordance with law, and the court's authority to pass a money decree based on a personal covenant in the document.

Venkataramana Rao, J.

1. This is an appeal from the decree of the learned District Judge of West Godavari in a suit instituted on a mortgage executed by defendants 1 and 2 in favour of the plaintiff. The second defendant is the son-in-law of the first defendant. The property mortgaged is a house in Ellore. It is the case of the plaintiff that the property solely belongs to the first defendant. It is the case of the first defendant that the property belonged to her husband. It is not necessary to determine that question. The second defendant admitted the claim. The main defence of the first defendant was that the mortgage was not executed by her, that she was an ignorant and illiterate woman and the second defendant was in a position to dominate her and the suit document was vitiated by fraud and undue influence. The learned Judge on a consideration of the evidence came to the conclusion that the first defendant had not made out the case of fraud and undue influence. He found in favour of the plaintiff in regard to the execution of the mortgage and gave a decree for the amount claimed. This appeal is by the first defendant.

2. In appeal the main point urged before us is that the mortgage is unenforceable because the plaintiff failed to prove due execution of the suit document. The contention is that under Section 59 of the Transfer of Property Act a mortgage of the description sued on must be signed not only by the mortgagor but must be attested by two attesting witnesses in the presence of the executant and there is no proof of such a valid attestation. When a defendant denies execution of the mortgage alleged to have been executed by him, it is incumbent on the mortgagee, to prove due execution of the same, that is, execution in accordance with law. He must prove that the mortgagor signed the document in the presence of two attesting witnesses who must have seen the executant sign the document or received an acknowledgment from him of his having signed the document and each one of the attestors must have signed the document in the presence of the executant. The mortgage-deed in this case purports to be attested by two witnesses, P.W. 1 and one Perimella Venkatasubba Rao. Only one attesting witness has been called, that is, P.W. 1. He has deposed that he saw the first defendant put her thumb impression on the document but he does not depose that he signed it in her presence. He did not say anything about the other attesting witness signing it. In order to supply this lacuna Mr. Ramachandra Rao on behalf of the mortgagee sought in aid the deposition of P.W. 2, the writer of the document, one Turimella Suryanarayana. He contends that a writer can be an attesting witness. Whether a writer can be an attesting witness depends on the circumstances of each, case. Assuming the writer can be treated as an attesting witness, the one essential element of attestation is wanting in this case. The writer does not depose that he signed the document in the presence of the executant. Mr. Ramachandra Rao submits that, having regard to the circumstances of this case, it is open to USL to presume that P.W. 1 and the writer must have affixed their signatures in the presence of the executant. So far as P.W. 1 is concerned it seems to us to be very doubtful whether he was actually present at the time when the first defendant put her thumb impression. A suggestion was made in the cross-examination of P.W. 1 that he did not attest the document in the residence of the plaintiff but elsewhere. In the cross-examination of P.W. 2 it was elicited that when the document was being written P.W. 1 was not there but the second defendant brought P.W. 1 as he was going along the road to attest the document. The evidence as to the presence of P.W. 1 at the time of execution is unsatisfactory. With regard to P.W. 2, on an examination of the document it will be seen that he does not sign the document as a writer but there is a statement that the writing of the