The central legal point established in the judgment is that alienation of land granted for service in temples is invalid as opposed to public policy, as per the Indian Evidence Act and previous case law.

Kuppuswami Ayyar, J.

1. The only point for consideration is whether the suit land is an inam land granted for service in a temple and as such not alienable. The appellant is the defendant and the appeal arises out of a suit for enforcing a mortgage deed executed by his father in respect of the plaint mentioned property. The appellants case was that the land was given to one of his ancestors as a service inam for rendering service in the Vishnu, Siva and Pillayar temples, the service being Vyravi service, that is to say purchasing articles, etc., for the use of the temples and cooking pongal in the Pillayar temple. The appellant examined himself and a cousin of his who is also enjoying another portion of the land rendering similar service. Ex. I an old cadjan document was filed as evidencing the grant. The first Court presumed under Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act the document to be a genuine document as an ancient document of 1852, and the evidence of the witnesses showed that there was a service grant and the defendants family were in enjoyment. The learned Subordinate Judge was of the opinion that the document which purported to be one executed in the year Parithapi might have been executed in 1912 instead of 1852 as was contended for the defendant and, finding that it was not proved to be of the year 1852, refused to presume it to be genuine; and he further stated that even if it was taken as evidence it was not enough to indicate a grant but it would evidence an out and out alienation and at the most it would amount to an alienation burdened with service and consequently the mortgage was valid and binding.

2. I do not think the learned Subordinate Judge was right in finding that the document was not proved to have been executed in 1852. From the appearance of the document and also from the evidence of D.W. 1 that it was executed a long time ago to? his ancestor he ought to have found that it was a document more than 30 years old and so genuine. Apart from the fact that it, was produced by D.W. 1 a cousin of the defendant there are other circumstances which go to show that the document must have been genuine. It is recited therein that the grant was to, one Virugu Dasan (an ancestor in the family) for performing the vyravi service in the Siva and Perumal temples and cooking pongal to Vigneswara. It is also in evidence that defendants ancestors were blowing conch in the temples and it is said that they were getting four bundles of unthrashed paddy for every mah of land for blowing conch. That the defendant and his ancestors and D.W. 1 have been blowing conch in these temples is also in evidence. It is spoken to by a number of witnesses on both sides. In these circumstances I think the Subordinate Judge was wrong in finding that the document was not genuine. If Ex. I is presumed to be genuine, the recitals in it and the evidence of D. Ws. and P. Ws. 2 and 3 are enough to indicate that these lands have been enjoyed by the defendant, his cousin and, their ancestors as emoluments for performing service in the three temples of the village.

3. The Subordinate Judge was of opinion that this is a case of a private land and that it could not be held to be a service grant.. This is what he says:

I have not also been referred to any case in which such a private alienation of a private land by a private owner has been held to be a service grant.

Admittedly the village is a Dharmasanam village, that is to say, village granted to Brahmins; and Ex. I purports to have been executed by the persons who have signed it on behalf of the entire Brahmin Mahajans (Asesha Vidwa Mahajanams). The learned Subordinate Judge concedes that if a zamindar had granted such an inam, it would be a valid service inam given for service in the temple and might be inalienable. The mere fact that in this case the grantor was the Mahajans instead of a zamindar will not make the grant any the less a service inam. A zamindar when he makes a grant is a private