An unincorporated body, such as a union, can be held liable under the principles of agency, and its members can be sued for contracts entered into on its behalf.

Somayya, J.

1. This is an appeal against the decree of the City Civil Judge passed in O.S. No. 900 of 1940. The plaintiff is the Travancore National Bank Subsidiary Company, Limited (now under liquidation) represented by its Official Liquidator. The lower Court dismissed the suit which was one to recover the balance of subscription due in respect of two chits. The plaintiff-company was carrying on a chit fund business. Various chits were started from time to time. The first defendant is styled " Tranabank Union" which admittedly consists of the employees of the Travancore National and Quilon Bank, Ltd. (now in liquidation) and also of the plaintiff-company which is the Travancore National Bank Subsidiary Company. The first defendant subscribed for two chits and was the successful bidder of both the tickets at the auction held on the 4th January, 1938. A sum of Rs. 1,340 in cash was paid to the first defendant-company and an agreement was executed for the future instalments on the 10th January, 1938. This agreement was signed by the second defendant on behalf of the first defendant. Though the suit was filed against both the defendants, the present appeal is pressed only against the second defendant who is the second respondent in this appeal. We are not concerned with the claim against the first defendant. The second defendant was sought to be made liable on the ground that though he signed as an agent in Ex. A, the suit document, the case is one coming under Section 230 (3) of the Contract Act for the reason that the principal though disclosed cannot be sued, This ground of liability is based upon the fact that the Tranabank Union is an unregistered union of the employees of the two companies. In such a case it is said that all the persons who were members of the Tranabank Union are liable under the contract. At any rate it is said that the persons who signed the document on behalf of that unregistered union are liable. The lower Court rejected the plaintiffs case and dismissed the suit. Hence this appeal.

2. The second defendant when affixing his signature to Ex. A expressly added the word " agent" to his signature. The document itself begins by saying that it was executed by the Tranabank Union which is called the borrower. So the document is executed by the Tranabank Union and it was signed by the second defendant as agent. It therefore clearly means that he signed it as the agent of the first defendant Union. It cannot therefore be said that he (second defendant) did not indicate in that document that he was signing only as the agent. I therefore agree with the City Civil Judge in holding that the second defendant cannot be made personally liable on the ground that when he signed his name, he did not say that he signed for the Tranabank Union. That he did so for and on behalf of the Tranabank Union is fairly clear from the document read as a whole.

3. The chief ground which was pressed before the lower Court was that the Tranabank Union cannot be sued and that therefore the second defendant was liable. This claim is covered by Section 230, Clause (3) of the Indian Contract Act. The lower Court declined to accept the plaintiffs contention that the Tranabank Union cannot be sued. After setting out a quotation from the evidence of the second defendant, the lower Court stated that it was clear from his evidence that the Tranabank Union was an association of the employees of the bank and the plaintiff-company, that is, the main Travancore National and Quilon Bank and the plaintiff-company" without a register of members, without subscriptions and that it had been disbanded. Then dealing with the contention that the Tranabank Union cannot be sued, the Judge said that it was not an illegal body and that it may be difficult, and indeed very difficult to hold that the Tranabank Union is a party which cannot be sued. He winds up the discussion by saying that it was lip to the plaintiff-company to find out who were the members o