The main legal point established in the judgment is that registration is necessary for debentures, even if only a charge was created, based on the provisions of Section 100 of the Transfer of Property Act read with Section 59.

Alfred Henry Lionel Leach, C.J.

1. By a resolution dated the 7th July, 1935, the Swarajya Printing and Publishing Company, Limited, Madras, a company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1913, resolved to issue 1,000 debentures of Rs. 50 each and 922 of these debentures were issued. There was no debenture trust deed, but on each certificate the conditions of issue were printed and the loan was stated to be on the security of specified immovable property. The debentures were registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies pursuant to Section 108 of the Indian Companies Act, but they were not registered under the Indian Registration Act. The company is now in liquidation, and the question is whether the holders of these debentures are entitled to rank as secured creditors. The question was considered by Gentle, J., on an application by the Official Liquidator, who is the first respondent in this appeal. The Official Liquidator contended that the debentures were invalid for two reasons. In the first place, he said that the wording of the debentures operated to create a mortgage and not merely a charge and therefore by reason of Section 59 of the Transfer of Property Act, registration was compulsory. The second reason was that even if there was a mere charge and not a mortgage, Section 100 of the Act still made registration necessary. The learned Judge accepted the contention that a mortgage had been created and he consequently held that the debentures were invalid. In the circumstances it was not necessary for the learned Judge to consider the second point. The debenture-holders have appealed.

2. We agree that the debentures are invalid for want of registration, but we prefer to base our decision on the provisions of Section 100 of the Transfer of Property Act read with Section 59. We do not suggest that the case was not rightly decided on the first point taken by the Official Liquidator, but the question is not free from difficulty and it seems to us that by reason of the sections, I have just mentioned, registration was necessary even if only a charge was created.

3. Section 59 of the Transfer of Property Act admittedly requires a simple mortgage to be registered, even when the mortgage-debt is less than Rs. 50. The section reads as follows:

Where the principal money secured is one hundred rupees or upwards a mortgage other than a mortgage by deposit of title-deeds can be effected only by a registered instrument signed by the mortgagor and attested by at least two witnesses.

Where the principal money secured is less than one hundred rupees, a mortgage may be effected either by a registered instrument signed and attested as aforesaid, or (except in the case of a simple mortgage) by delivery of the property.

4. As a simple mortgage cannot be effected by delivery of the property it can only be effected by a registered instrument, and Section 4 of the Transfer of Property Act directs that Section 59 shall be read as supplemental to the Registration Act. The first clause of Section 100 as amended by Act XX of 1929 provides:

Where immovable property of one person is by act of parties or operation of law made security for the payment of money to another, and the transaction does not amount to a mortgage, the latter person is said to have a charge on the property; and all the provisions hereinbefore contained which apply to a simple mortgage shall, so far as may be, apply to such charge.

5. Before the amendment this clause read as follows:

Where immovable property of one person is by act of parties or operation of law, made security for the payment of money to another and the transaction does not amount to a mortgage, the latter person is said to have a charge on the property; and all the provisions hereinbefore contained as to a mortgagor shall, so far as may be, apply to the owner of such property, and the provisions of Sections 81 and 82 shall, so far as may be", apply to the person having such charge.

6. By the amendme