The main legal point established in the judgment is the distinction between appeal and revision in the context of withdrawal of a complaint made by a public servant under Section 195, Criminal P.C.

Bardswell, J.

1. The Joint Magistrate of Devakottah made a complaint against two persons of an offence punishable under Section 188, I.P.C., for having disobeyed orders passed in proceedings under Section 145, Criminal P.C. The present petitioner, who is one of the two persons complained against, applied to the District Magistrate of Ramnad to have the complaint withdrawn but the District Magistrate without giving notice to the petitioner dismissed his petition summarily. It is contended by Mr. Jayarama Ayyar on behalf of the petitioner that the application to the District Magistrate for the withdrawal of the complaint was an appeal and that under the proviso Clause (1), Section 421, Criminal P.C. it should not have been summarily dismissed without giving the petitioner or his pleader an opportunity of being heard. A number of decisions of this Court have been quoted with reference to Clause 6 of Section 195, Criminal P.C., 1898. These decisions, however do not apply and are not of great importance as the present Code has very much varied the law under Section 195 and the connected sections from what it was formerly. Under Section 195 of the old Code, no Court could take cognizance of certain offences committed against a public servant except with the previous sanction or on the complaint of the public servant concerned or of some public servant to whom he was subordinate.

2. This was provided for by Sub-section (1)(a). By Sub-section (1)(b) and (c), no Court could take cognizance of certain other offences except with the previous sanction or on the complaint of a Court, and by Sub-section (6) it was provided that any sanction given or refused under Section 195, might be revoked or granted by any authority to which the authority giving or refusing it was subordinate. It was held in Palaniappa Chetty v. Annamalai Chetty (1904) 27 Mad. 223, that under Sub-section (6), a party had the right to put in a petition by way of appeal and in Muthuswami Mudali v. Veeni Chetty (1907) 30 Mad. 382, the right of appeal in such a case was also declared, though in another Full Bench case, Bapu v. Bapu A.I.R. 1916 Mad. 110, it was held that the powers under Section 195, Sub-section (6) were not part of the appellate and revisional jurisdiction conferred by Chs. 31 and 32, Criminal P.C. but were by way of being a special power conferred by the sub-section. Under the present Code sanction to prosecute can no longer be given under Section 195, but there can only be a complaint either by a public servant with reference to Section 195(1)(a), or by a Court in the case of offences referred to in Section 195(1)(b) and (c), the complaint having to be in writing in every case. In the case of complaints given under Section 195(1)(b) and (c) it is now specifically provided by Section 476(b) that there can be an appeal. Under the old Code in Section 195(6) which no longer exists, the word "appeal" was not at all used. Now a right which in definite language is a right of appeal is given in the case of a complaint made by a Court and the appeal has to be to the Court to which the Court that makes the complaint is subordinate within the meaning of Section 195(3), that is, the Court to which appeals ordinarily lie. It has been held by a Full Bench of this Court in Janardana Rao v. Lakshmi Narasamma A.I.R. 1934 Mad. 52, that in dealing with appeals under Section 476-B, the power of dismissal is derived from Ch. 31, Criminal P.C. In that decision Section 423 was referred to, but it can equally be taken that there is a right of summary dismissal derived from Section 421.

3. Mr. Jayarama Ayyar has argued with reference to the old decisions as to Section 195(6) that even an application to a superior authority for the withdrawal of a complaint made in accordance with Section 195(1)(a) is an appeal and that to it also must be applied the provisions of Sections 421 and 423 in Ch. 31. As I have said however the position is now very different from what it used to be. U