The main legal point established in the judgment is the strict requirement of notice under Section 80 of the Civil Procedure Code when bringing a suit against a public officer in respect of any act purported to be done by the said public officer in his official capacity.

Sadasiva Aivar, J.

1. The defendant who is described in the plaint as a Government Officer, (namely, the Superintending Engineer, II Circle, D. P.W., residing at Bezwada) is the appellant before us.

2. This suit for injunction (among other reliefs) was brought against him because (according to the plaint) the defendant in his official capacity attempted to remove a dilapidated Ganapathi image which had been placed on a site which has been found by the Lower Appellate Court to belong to the Government. The image itself also has been found by that Court to belong 1o the Government. The Court however found (see paragraph 13 of its judgment) (1) that some sort of worship was being done to the said idol for a long time even when the idol lay half buried in the ground, it having been raised up and placed on a platform only in 1915 ; (2) that to establish a customary right, it was not necessary that there should be enjoyment for over 20 years or the like--(The lower Court further said "even supposing that the enjoyment claimed does not go so far back as to 1872 or 73, still I am of opinion on the evidence on record that there was sufficient enjoyment for the acquisition of the customary right by the plaintiffs") (that is the right to worship the idol at the place where it now stands). On these grounds, the Lower Appellate Court confirmed the permanent injunction granted by the District Munsif. Several grounds have been taken in the memorandum of second appeal but I shall deal with only three of them namely, grounds 7, 10 and 11.

7. The Courts below ought to have hold that the suit is barred for want of notice under Section 80 of the Civil Procedure Code. The cases relied on by the Lower Appellate Court do not apply and are not correctly decided.

10. The Lower Appellate Court erred in finding that the so-called customary right of the plaintiffs is made out.

11. There cannot be such a custom as is set up by the plaintiff. There is no legal evidence in support of the custom set up. The finding of the Lower Appellate Court in para 13 of its Judgment is unintelligible.

3. I shall deal shortly with grounds 10 and 11. I shall not go into the question whether a customary right in the Hindu public to worship an idol belonging to a third person and placed on a site belonging to that third person can be legally acquired or proved, as my mind is not quite made up on that point. Assuming that such a customary right can be proved by the fact that the owner of the site and of the idol had allowed such worship to be carried on for a sufficiently long time by the Hindu public, I am clear that the proof required by the Courts especially where the owner of the site and the idol is not a Hindu, must be very clear and strong. (The Government being neutral in religion is of course not Hindu in religion). The length of time must be considerable and the acts of worship must be very open and such as clearly indicate to the owner that the worshippers have claimed the right to carry on the worship openly and as a customary right. Paragraph 13 of the Lower Appellate Courts Judgment is vague and indefinite. It does not set out the particular acts of worship or the length of the enjoyment of the alleged right or whether the acts were such as to give notice to the Government that worship was carried on as of right. The District Munsif finds (see page 13, line 40 of the printed papers) that it was in July 1915 that the platform for the idol was erected evidently by the department of Public Works itself and that the image which had been lying half buried was raised up and placed on the platform. The site of the idol had therefore been changed at least vertically. P.W. 2 himself says in September 1917: "During the last 2 or 3 years, worship is being carried on on a grander scale". Before that according to Exh. I cocoa-nuts used to be broken before the halfburied Ganesa by passing worshippers. Such worship is even done to peepul and margosa trees standing on Distri