The main legal point established is the interpretation of the authority of the District Board to issue negotiable instruments and the definition of 'bank' and 'banker' in the context of the Treasury's role.

Oldfield, J.

1. I agree with the judgment which my learned brother is about to deliver. I desire only to add that it is probably impossible and, for the purpose of the present case, is unnecessary to give an exhaustive definition of the terms "bank" or "banker" and that, in agreeing with my learned brothers observations, I do not desire to commit myself to any.

Seshagiri Aiyar, J.

2. The 1st defendant in Original Suit No. 52 of 1916 is a contractor under the District Board of Trichinopoly. The plaintiff obtained a decree against him. He attached a certain amount of money in the bands of the District Board Engineer on the allegation that the money belonged to the 1st defendant. Thereupon the 2nd defendant pat in a claim petition on 4he 16th October 1914. His claim was allowed. On the 17th October 1914, the plaintiff brought the present suit (Original Suit No. 52 of 1916) for a declaration that he is entitled to attach the money as belonging to the 1st defendant. He obtained an injunction on the 20th October 1914. It was served on the District Treasury of Trichinopoly on the 22nd. On the very same day, without knowledge of the injunction, a cheque was issued to the 2nd defendant. He endorsed it over on the 23rd October to the 4th defendant, who was a banker. Subsequently, the money was paid to the 4th defendant on his undertaking to return it in case the plaintiff succeeded in the suit. Plaintiff succeeded before the District Munsif, but that judgment was reversed by the District Judge. He has preferred this second appeal.

3. The main question for consideration is, whether the 4th defendant is a holder in due course. To decide this question we have to see what the position of the Treasury is with reference to the District Board of Trichinopoly. In form, the order which directed the payment of money to the 2nd defendant is a cheque. If it is a cheque, there can be no doubt. it can be negotiated. The learned Vakil for the appellant contended that as the Treasury is not a Bank, it was not competent to the District Board Engineer to issue a cheque on it under Section 6 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. Mr. Sreenivasa Gopala Chariar contended that the Treasury is a Bank within that section. After giving careful consideration to the question, I have come to the conclusion that the Treasury is not a Bank. Many of the Judges in England have felt considerable difficulty in defining a Bank. Lord Brougham in Folly v. Hill (1848) 2 H.L.C. 28 at p. 43 : 81 R.R. 14 : 9 E.R. 1002 mentions certain characteristics of a Bank. In the view of the noble and learned Lord, the element of making a profit by the busines must exist in such cases. The case nearest in point is Halifax Union v. Wheelwright (1875) 10 Ex. 183 : 44 L.J. Ex. 121 : 32 L.T. 802 : 23 W.R. 704. In that case. Baron Classy, delivering the judgment of the Court, expressed himself thus, at page 193: "First, it was said that, taking that Statute together with several other Statutes on the same subject, the word banker was not to be restricted to persons regularly engaged in the business of banking; but that any person who receives the money of another into his charge and according to the course of business between them, pays it out by having drafts drawn upon him payable to order, ought to be considered a banker within that enactment. We cannot accede to that argument." The present case is, practically, identical with the one decided by the Exchequer Court. The definition attempted by Mr. Hart in his Book on the "Law of Banking," namely, that "A banker is one who, in the ordinary course of his business, honours cheques drawn upon him by persons from and for whom he reserves monies on current accounts", indicates that the business must have a commercial side to it. The mere fact that a Treasury receives money from the District Board and respects orders issued to it for payment will not constitute the Treasury a Bank. Moreover, the District Board cannot be regarded as a customer.

4. I