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2026 Supreme(Online)(Del) 6414

IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
Prathiba M. Singh, Madhu Jain, JJ
Muskan – Appellant
Versus
State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) – Respondent
CRL.A. 598/2015



Advocates:
For the Appellants/Petitioners: Manoj Garg, Nazim Ali
For the Respondents: Ritesh Kumar Bahri, Divya Yadav, Lalit Luthra, Ravi Nayak, Faisal, Abhishek K. Tanwar

The proviso to Section 372 of the Code of Criminal Procedure confers a limited right of appeal upon a victim, which does not include the right to seek enhancement of a sentence; such power is exclusively vested in the State under Section 377 of the Code.

Headnote:(A) Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Sections 372 (proviso), 377 and 386 - Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Section 307 - Criminal appeal - Enhancement of sentence - Maintainability of appeal by victim - Victim’s right of appeal is confined to three contingencies: acquittal of accused, conviction for lesser offence, or inadequate compensation - There is no provision for victim to seek enhancement of sentence - Statutory remedy for inadequate sentence lies exclusively with the State under Section 377 - Powers of Appellate Court under Section 386 cannot create an independent source of appellate right where none exists. (Paras 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 52)

Facts of the case:
A victim sustained a gunshot injury, leading to the conviction of an accused person under penal provisions. Dissatisfied with the quantum of sentence awarded by the trial court, the victim preferred an appeal for enhancement of the sentence, asserting that the awarded term was disproportionate to the gravity of the injuries and long-term consequences.

Findings of Court:
The Court held that the right of appeal by the victim is strictly defined by statute. Since the legislature specifically provided for sentence enhancement appeals exclusively for the state authorities, an appeal by the victim on this ground falls outside the scope of maintainable challenges defined in the procedural code.

Issues: Whether an appeal filed by a victim seeking enhancement of sentence is maintainable under the proviso to Section 372 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Ratio Decidendi: The statutory provisos under Section 372 establish a limited right of appeal. Appellate courts cannot use general procedural powers to expand substantive rights in a manner that bypasses specific legislative limitations regarding which parties are authorized to seek sentence enhancement.

Result: Appeal dismissed as not maintainable.

Table of Content
1. overview of the criminal proceedings and established trial court findings. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21)
2. arguments regarding maintainability of victim's appeal for sentence enhancement. (Para 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39)
3. section 372 crpc does not grant victims a right to appeal for enhancement of sentence; that power lies with the state under section 377 crpc. (Para 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55)
4. dismissal of the appeal due to lack of statutory maintainability. (Para 56 , 57)

JUDGMENT

MADHU JAIN, J.

1. The present criminal appeal has been preferred by the injured/complainant under Section 372 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, (hereinafter ‘CrPC’) assailing the order on sentence dated 24th February, 2015 passed by the ld. Additional Sessions Judge, South-East District, Saket Courts, New Delhi in Sessions Case No. 94/2014 arising out of FIR No. 490/2011, Police Station Jamia Nagar, whereby the Respondent No.- 2 /Accused, though convicted for the offence punishable under Section 307 Indian Peanl Code, 1860 (hereinafter ‘IPC’), has been sentenced to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of three years along with fine.

2. The grievance of the Appellant/complainant in the present appeal is limited to the quantum of sentence. It is the case of the Appellant/complainant that the sentence awarded by the ld. Trial Court is grossly inadequate, disproportionate to the gravity of the offence, and not in consonance with the settled principles governing sentencing under Section 307 IPC.

3. It is pertinent to note that the present appeal arises out of the same Impugned Order of conviction and order on sentence which were the subject matter of challenge in the connected appeal being CRL.A. 316/2015, titled Asad Arif v. State (NCT OF DELHI), filed by the accused. While the earlier appeal pertained to the correctness of conviction, the present appeal concerns itself solely with the question of adequacy of sentence.

4. For the sake of brevity and to avoid repetition, the factual matrix of the present appeal is being recorded in terms identical to the connected matter being CRL.A. 316/2015 titled Asad Arif v. State (NCT OF DELHI), inasmuch as the incident, evidence, and findings remain the same. The only distinction between the two appeals lies in the scope of adjudication, while one is against the conviction, the present appeal pertains to enhancement of sentence.

FACTUAL MATRIX:

5. The case of the prosecution, in brief, is that in the intervening night of 19th September 2011, at about 12:02 a.m., information was received at Police Station Jamia Nagar regarding admission of one Ms. Muskan in Holy Family Hospital in an injured condition. The said information was recorded vide DD No. 3A and entrusted to the Investigating Officer for necessary action. The Investigating Officer, along with accompanying police officials, proceeded to the hospital and collected the Medico-Legal Certificate of the injured.

6. As per the statement of the injured PW- 4 Ms. Muskan, the incident is stated to have occurred on the night of 18th September 2011 at about 10:45 p.m., when she had gone to the back room of her residence to take water from the refrigerator. At that time, the Appellant/complainant, who was known to her as a neighbor, was allegedly standing outside the window opening. It is alleged that upon seeing her, the Appellant/complainant threatened her, stating that since she had refused his proposal of marriage, he would not spare her, and immediately thereafter fired a shot at her through the window. The bullet struck the upper portion of her thigh, resulting in profuse bleeding. Thereafter, the Appellant/complainant is stated to have fled from the spot. The relevant portion of the complaint dated 19th September, 2011 is reproduced hereinbelow:

“बया

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