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2026 Supreme(Del) 674

IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
SUBRAMONIUM PRASAD, J.
 
In The Matter Of :
Sandeep Kumar – Plaintiff
Versus
Sh. Tarun Arora And Anr. – Defendants
I.A. 38753 of 2024 IN CS(COMM) 826 of 2023
Decided On : 20-05-2026
 

Advocates Appeared:
For the Plaintiff : Mr Sandeep Kumar (Plaintiff in person) and Ms Vishruti and Mr Anil Kumar Bakshi, Advs.
For the Defendants : Mr. Sanjeev Mahajan, Ms Simran Rao, Advs.

Summary judgment is an exceptional power reserved for cases lacking a real prospect of success where no factual dispute exists. It cannot be employed to conduct a mini-trial; when claims regarding the existence, terms, or performance of a professional agreement are contested, a regular trial is mandatory.

Headnote:(A) Civil Procedure Code, 1908 - Order XIIIA - Summary Judgment - Scope and ambit - Power to be exercised where there is no real prospect of success for either party and no requirement for oral evidence - Provision does not intend for court to conduct a mini-trial at the summary judgment stage - Factual disputes regarding the existence of an agreement or the performance of services must be resolved through a full trial including cross-examination. (Paras 13, 14, 20, 22)

(B) Legal Services - Professional engagement - Dispute regarding fees and terms of service - In the absence of written contracts or clear documentation establishing the agreed fee structure, summary judgment remains an improper remedy - Veracity of evidentiary documents and oral claims requires adjudication through trial to assess credibility. (Paras 20, 21)

Facts of the case:
The applicant sought a summary judgment for the recovery of claimed outstanding fees for professional services allegedly rendered over a period of eighteen years. The respondents contested the claim, arguing that no written agreement existed, the services were minimal, and the claim was an attempt to extort money. The matter involved significant disputes over the nature of the professional relationship and the validity of the alleged fee arrangement.

Findings of Court:
The court held that summary judgment is an exceptional power not intended to replace a trial where factual disputes exist. The court cannot engage in a mini-trial based merely on affidavits when the veracity of professional engagement and the duration of services are heavily contested. The court determined that the provided materials required testing through the cross-examination of parties.

Issues: Whether the remedy of summary judgment is maintainable in a suit for recovery of professional fees where the existence of a binding agreement and the scope of services provided are significantly disputed.

Ratio Decidendi: Summary judgment is inappropriate when the court cannot reach a fair and just determination on the merits without conducting a mini-trial. Where factual assertions are contradicted and disputed, full investigation through evidence and cross-examination is necessary to resolve the claims.

Result: Application for summary judgment dismissed.

Table of Content
1. initiation of recovery suit and summary judgment application. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4)
2. conflicting stances regarding terms of professional engagement. (Para 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11)
3. applicable criteria and jurisprudence for order xiiia cpc summary judgment. (Para 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 23)
4. necessity of evidence-based adjudication for disputed factual claims. (Para 22)
5. dismissal of the application for summary judgment. (Para 24)

JUDGMENT :

SUBRAMONIUM PRASAD, J.

I.A. 38753/2024

1. The present application under Order XIIIA of the CPC has been filed by the Plaintiff for passing a summary judgment.

2. The present Suit has been filed by the Plaintiff seeking recovery of Rs.2.60 crores from the Defendants.

3. The averments, in brief, as made in the Plaint read as under :

a. The Plaintiff is a practising Advocate and Cost and Management Accountant (CMA) who has worked for more than twelve years in the field of finance and accounts in various Public Sector Undertaking and also enrolled as an advocate since 2005.

b. The Defendant Nos. 1 and 2 are real brothers who along with their mother Smt. Santosh Arora were party to various litigation proceedings initiated at the instance of them and their uncle Sh. M. L. Arora since the year 1998.

c. It is stated that in March 2002, Defendant No.1 approached the Plaintiff to avail his services on a recommendation given by one Mr. Adarsh Bedi who is also a friend of the Plaintiff. It is further stated that the Defendant No.1 came to the Plaintiff qua several disputes and litigation proceedings going on between the Defendants and their uncle.

d. It is stated that the Plaintiff agreed to provide the professional services on the fees of Rs. 2,000/- per hour towards consultation, Rs. 15,000/- per appearance, Rs. 5,00,000/- if the Defendants would want the Plaintiff to prepare the written arguments, and 10% of the aggregate amount of fees for all other services rendered by the Plaintiff during the course of the professional engagement and the same was duly accepted by the Defendants.

e. It is stated that the services rendered by the Plaintiff also includes police related issues, electricity connection, issues pertaining to Shop No. 99 etc., administrative and quasi-judicial proceedings etc. It is further stated that during the professional engagement between the Plaintiff and the Defendants, the Defendants were continuously replacing the advocates at different stages of proceedings of the suits and changed about ten advocates, however, the Defendants kept ascertaining that it is the Plaintiff whom they are relying on.

f. It is stated that the Defendants engaged different advocates who charged their fees as deemed appropriate by them. It is further stated that Defendants engaged some Advocate for final arguments who charged Rs. 1,00,000/- towards the final arguments only. It is stated that, however, it was the Plaintiff who drafted the written arguments which formed the basis of oral arguments and filed the same in Court. It is further stated that the Defendants took divergent opinions from several advocate, however, the Defendants placed reliance upon opinion and advice of the Plaintiff with regard to the approach to be followed in case involving Shop No. 128. It is the contention of the Plaintiff that it was the Plaintiff who formulated the arguments in rebuttal, defence of maintainability.

g. The Plaintiff delivered wide ranging services to the Defendants and continued to deliver the same for more than 18 years from March 2002 to January 2021 with regard to numerous issues and problems faced by the Defendants inside and outside the Court. It is further stated that the Plaintiff even after suffering heart attack in 2010 and during the COVID time has put a lot of hard work, his deep professional knowledge and precious productive time of life as per the terms agreed between the Plaintiff and the Defendants. It is the contention of the Plaintiff that on the conclus

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