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* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI % Judgment reserved on: 27^th March, 2026 Judgment pronounced on: 24th July, 2026 I.A. 45300/2024 IN + CS(COMM) 1028/2024, I.A. 45301/2024 & I.A.26192/2025 ANI MEDIA PVT. LTD. .....Plaintiff Through: Mr. Sidhant Kumar, Mr. Akshit Mago, Ms. Manyaa Chandok, Ms. Anshika Saxena and Ms. Lahar Jain, Advocates Versus OPEN AI OPCO LLC .....Defendant Through: Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with Mr. Sanjeev Kapoor, Mr. Nirupam Lodha, Mr. Madhav Khosla, Mr. Gautam Wadhwa, Ms. Moha Paranjpe, Mr. Abhi Udai Singh Gautam, Ms. Rebecca Cardoso, Mr. Hardik Malik, Ms. Vanshika Thapliyal, Mr. Rajat Bector, Advocates Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate with Mr. Aditya Gupta, Ms. Asavari Jain, Mr. Shuvam Bhattacharya, Ms. Vani Kaushik, Ms. Riddhie Bajaj, Ms. Jahnavi Siddhu, Ms. Aishwarya Kane and Mr. Sauhard Alung, Advocates for IGAP/Intervenor in I.A. 4616/2025 Mr. Kapil Sibal, Senior Advocate and Mr. Arvind P. Datar, Senior Advocate with Mr. Shashank Mishra, Ms. Akshi Rastogi, Mr. Parv Kaushik and Mr. Suvaroop Saha Roy, Advocates for Broadband India Forum (BIF)/Intervenor in I.A. 10766/2025 Ms. Haripriya Padmanabhan, Senior Advocate with Mr. Shrutanjaya Bhardwaj, Mr. Akshat Agrawal, Mr. Tushar Srivastava, Mr. Shourya Das Gupta, Ms. Siddhi Nagwekar, Ms. Yashi Bajpai and Mr. Yash Tayal, Advocates for Flux AI Labs/

Intervenor in I.A. 4615/2025 Mr. Ankit Sahni, Ms. Kritika Sahni, Mr. Chirag Ahluwalia, Mr. Mohit Maru, Ms. Tanisha Sharma, Advocates for the Federation of Indian Publishers, Intervenor in I.A. No. 470 of 2025 Mr. Rajshekhar Rao, Senior Advocate and Mr. Chander M. Lall, Senior Advocate with Mr. Ameet Datta, Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Ms. Riddima Sharma, Mr. Akshay Nagarajan, Ms. Rishikaa, Ms. Gauri Khanna and Ms. Annanya Mehan, Advocates for DNPA/Intervenors in I.A. 2199/2025 & IMI/Intervenors in I.A. 4027/2025 Mr. Adarsh Ramanujan with Mr. Parth Singh, Advocate, Amicus Curiae Professor Arul George Scaria, Amicus Curiae.

CORAM:

HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE AMIT BANSAL

JUDGMENT

AMIT BANSAL, J.

I.A. 45300/2024 (under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 CPC)

INDEX PREFACE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 WORKING OF LLMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 A. TRAINING DATA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 B. DATA PREPARATION AND MODEL TRAINING --------------------------------------------------------------- 9 C. POST-TRAINING ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 D. USER INTERACTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 E. RETRIEVAL-AUGMENTED GENERATION (RAG) -------------------------------------------------------- 11 PROCEEDINGS IN THE SUIT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 ISSUE NO.4 WHETHER THE COURTS IN INDIA HAVE JURISDICTION TO ENTERTAIN THE PRESENT LAW SUIT CONSIDERING THAT THE SERVERS OF THE DEFENDANTS ARE LOCATED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 SUBMISSIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 i. Whether this court has territorial jurisdiction to entertain the present suit. ----------------------- 19 ii. Whether the Copyright Act, 1957 would apply in relation to training claim since according to Open AI training takes place on servers located outside India -------------------------------------- 20 FINDINGS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 ISSUE NO.2 WHETHER THE USE BY THE DEFENDANTS OF PLA