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2026 Supreme(Guj) 635

IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD
NISHA M. THAKORE, J.
Icici Lombard General Insurance Company Ltd. – Appellant 
Versus
Legal Heirs Of Deceased Lakshmanbhai Popatbhai Badmaliya And Ors. – Respondents 
R/FIRST APPEAL NO. 1762 of 2015 With R/CROSS OBJECTION NO. 11 of 2016
Decided On : 07-05-2026

Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellant : Mr Nikunt K Raval
For the Respondent: Mr Mehul S Shah, Mr Vishal C Mehta

A private vehicle package policy covers the liability of the insurer for injuries or death to occupants, and the burden of proving that the vehicle was used for commercial hire rests solely on the insurer.

Headnote:(A) Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - Section 166 - Fatal accident - Liability of insurance company - Private vehicle used for hire - Burden of proof - Where a policy is a private vehicle package policy, such a policy is treated as a comprehensive/package policy that covers the liability for injuries or death of occupants - Burden lies upon the insurer to prove that the insured vehicle was used for hire or reward in breach of policy conditions - In the absence of cogent and consistent evidence to establish the vehicle was being plied as a commercial taxi, the insurer cannot escape its liability to indemnify the owner. (Paras 12, 13, 14, 15)

(B) Quantum of compensation - Determination of income - Where the claimants produce credible evidence such as pay slips and testimonial evidence, such documents should be given due consideration in fixing monthly income - Deduction for personal and living expenses should be determined based on the number of legal dependents - Compensation under conventional heads including loss of consortium and funeral expenses must be awarded in accordance with established judicial precedents. (Paras 17, 18, 19)

Facts of the case:
The legal heirs initiated a claim petition seeking compensation following the death of their family member in a motor vehicle accident. The insurer contested the claim, arguing it was not liable because a private vehicle was being used for commercial purposes, specifically as a taxi, in violation of the policy conditions. The Tribunal awarded compensation, which formed the basis for the present appeal by the insurer disputing liability and cross-objection by the claimants seeking enhancement of the award amount.

Findings of Court:
The insurer failed to provide sufficient evidence to corroborate its claim that the deceased was a fare-paying passenger in a vehicle used for commercial hire at the time of the accident. The court held that a package policy extends beyond simple third-party risk to cover occupants. Regarding quantum, the court found the original assessment of the deceased's income was underestimated, and the deduction for personal expenses and compensation for conventional heads required upward revision to align with current judicial doctrine.

Issues: Whether the insurer is liable under a private vehicle package policy when it is alleged the vehicle was used for hire or reward; whether the assessment of income and subsequent compensation amounts were just and reasonable.

Ratio Decidendi: The insurer bears the burden of establishing a breach of policy terms; without concrete evidence of commercial use, the insurer remains liable for occupants under a comprehensive package policy. Furthermore, courts must adhere to empirical evidence provided by claimants to determine income and apply established formulas for conventional compensation to ensure the award is 'just compensation'.

Result: Appeal dismissed; cross-objections allowed; compensation enhanced.

Table of Content
1. procedural history and factual background of the motor accident claim appeal. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4)
2. parties' contentions regarding liability, policy terms, and quantum of compensation. (Para 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9)
3. liability analysis regarding breach of policy terms and driver license validity. (Para 10 , 11 , 12 , 13)
4. comprehensive package policy covers occupant compensation beyond third-party coverage. (Para 14 , 15)
5. dismissal of appeal and modification of compensation award. (Para 16 , 20 , 21 , 22)
6. determination of compensation based on income, dependency, and established precedents. (Para 17 , 18 , 19)

JUDGMENT :

NISHA M. THAKORE, J.

1. The captioned appeal is filed at the instance of the appellant -Insurance Company, being aggrieved and dissatisfied with the judgment and award dated 25th June 2015 passed by the learned Motor Accident Claim Tribunal, Bhavnagar in MACP No.835 of 2007.

2. By the said judgment and award, the Tribunal has partly allowed the claim petition preferred by the original claimants under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, holding them entitled to recover sum of Rs.8,34,000/- towards compensation from the original opponents, jointly and severally, together with running interest at the rate of 9% per annum from the date of filing of claim petition till its actual realization with proportionate cost. Hence, the captioned appeal, at the instance of the original opponent no.2, essentially disputing its liability to pay any amount of compensation.

3. Considering the grounds raised in the appeal memo and the submissions made by learned advocate for the appellant on record, this Court vide order dated 28th January 2016, had admitted the appeal and had issued notice for final disposal. In the interim application for stay preferred by the -appellant - Insurance Company, conditional order of stay was granted against the execution and implementation of the impugned judgment and award, on deposit of the entire award amount at the concerned Tribunal. It was further directed to disburse the award amount in favour of the original claimants in terms of the directions issued by the Coordinate Bench in its judgment dated 8th May 2014 in First Appeal No.3289 of 2013. The record suggests that the notice of admission of appeal was duly served upon respondent nos.1.1 to 1.4 who are the original claimants and the notice of admission of appeal is also reported to have been duly served upon respondent no.2 who is the registered owner of the vehicle involved in the accident. It was further reported that the mother of the deceased who has been joined as respondent no.1.5 has expired. The record and proceedings were called for.

4. Mr. Ayush Bhandari learned advocate had appeared on behalf of Mr. Nikunt K Raval learned advocate on record for the appellant Insurance company. Learned advocate Mr. Vishal C Mehta had appeared on behalf of the respondent nos.1.1 to 1.4 - original claimants. It is required to be mentioned that on admission of the captioned appeal, the original claimants have preferred cross objections, essentially praying for enhancement of the amount of compensation for the grounds raised in the application. The cross objections were directed to be heard along with the First Appeal. Considering the appeal of 2015 pending consideration, the matter was peremptorily heard with the able assistance of learned advocate, learned advocates on record for the respective parties.

5. Learned advocate for the appellant- Insurance Company, has vehemently assailed the impugned judgment and award by submitting that the Tribunal committed grave error in treating the deceased as passenger in the insured vehicle. It was submitted that the Tribunal failed to appreciate the evidence brought on record, more particularly the police case papers produced vide list at Exhibit 20, which includes the statement of the driver Pankajbhai Babariya has also been produced on record at Mark 20/2. The bare appreciation of the

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