Teachers may claim salaries for periods worked despite non-approval of their appointments, highlighting the state's role in protecting educational rights.

J U D G M E N T

Dr. A.K. Jayasankaran Nambiar, J.

The State is the appellant in these Writ Appeals that impugn a common judgment of a learned Single Judge in eight writ petitions. The brief facts necessary for disposal of these Writ Appeals are as follows:

2. The Kadambur High School commenced its academic activity as a Lower Primary School in 1899. It was upgraded as an Upper Primary School with effect from 1.6.1958, as a High School with effect from 29.5.1982, and as a Higher Secondary School with effect from 2000. The issue involved in these writ petitions stemmed from a complaint that was raised before the educational authorities with regard to the conduct of the Higher Secondary Section of the School in the building that housed the High School Section. While it was the case of the management that the Higher Secondary Section was shifted to a new building during the academic year 2013-14, the educational authorities under the Kerala Education Rules, pursuant to an inspection done at the School on 12.7.2017 followed by a super check cell inspection on 15.1.2019, alleged that the High School had obtained the benefit of sanction of 26 divisions in excess of what was justified based on the student strength and infrastructural availability in the School during the academic year 2018-19. Accordingly, while in the staff fixation for the High School for 2018-19, 154 divisions were sanctioned, pursuant to the inspection by the super check cell and an adjudication that followed, 26 divisions were reduced for the said academic year by Ext.P17 order dated 31.12.2019. By the said order, a further direction was issued by the Director of Public Instructions to revise all the staff fixation orders from 2016-17 onwards in the High School.

3. The essential allegation by the education authorities against the management was that the High School Section had shown greater students strength therein by reckoning the students of the Higher Secondary Section also and had thereby obtained sanction of 26 additional divisions in the High School Section for the academic year 2018-19. Aggrieved by the said order of the education authorities, the management impugned the same in W.P. (C).No.290/2020. W.P.(C).No.10664/2019 was filed challenging the show cause notice that was issued purporting to take over the management of the School. W.P.(C).No.28179/2022 was filed challenging the staff fixation for 2022-23 where again the eligible divisions were not sanctioned in the High School. W.P. (C).Nos.12046/2021, 40219/2022, 40849/2022, 40889/2022 and 40953/2022 were filed seeking approval of the appointments made of teachers in the High School Section which approvals were denied on account of Ext.P17 order that was impugned in W.P.

(C).No.290/2020.

4. During the pendency of the writ petitions, Ext.P25 order was passed by the Regional Deputy Director of Higher Secondary Education permitting the conduct of classes for the Higher Secondary Section in the new building that was constructed by the management and directing the issuance of staff fixation orders for the Higher Secondary Section for the academic years from 2014-15 onwards. Thereafter, by an order dated 18.11.2022, staff fixation orders were passed in the Higher Secondary Sections for the academic years from 2014-15 to 2021-22. Taking note of the aforesaid development, the learned Single Judge found that the basis for the issuance of Ext.P17 order that was impugned in the lead writ petition [W.P.(C).No.290/2022] had been removed, and hence, the said order had to be quashed. The writ petitions were thereafter allowed with the following directions:

“1) W.P.(C.) No.290/2020 is allowed. Ext.P17 is set aside, and Ext.P2 staff fixation order is restored.

2) W.P.(C)Nos.40219/2022, 40849/2022, 40953/2022 and 40889/2022 are allowed, and the impugned orders in these writ petitions are set aside. There will be a direction to the competent authority among the respondents in these cases to approve the appointment of the tea