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2026 Supreme(Online)(NCLT) 847

NATIONAL COMPANY LAW TRIBUNAL
Prabhat Kumar, Technical Member, Sushil Mahadeorao Kochey, Judicial Member
Axis Trusteeship Service Ltd – Appellant
Versus
Vijay Biyani – Respondent
IA(I.B.C)/4397(MB)2025|IA(I.B.C)/4733(MB)2025|RCP(IB)/18(MB)2025|C.P.(IB)/978(MB)2023|IA(I.B.C)/4732(MB)2025



Advocates:
For the Financial Creditor: Adv. Ankit Lohia, Adv Varun Nathani, Adv. Suchitra Valjee, Adv. Rajvi Shah, Adv. Arjun B.
For the Personal Guarantor: Adv. P. Dasgupta, Mr. Altamash Qureshi
For The Resolution Professional: Adv Sourav Jain, Adv Priyanka Jain, Adv Swastika Mukherjee

Debenture trustee becomes creditor entitled to invoke Section 95 against personal guarantor upon guarantee invocation with holders' consent, independent of Part II notifications; ITR annexure not mandatory; RP not replaced absent proven bias.

Headnote:(A) Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 - Sections 95(1), 98, 99, 100, 101 - Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating Authority for Insolvency Resolution Process for Personal Guarantors to Corporate Debtors) Rules, 2019 - Rule 7(2) - Companies Act, 2013 - Section 71 - Debenture trustee held to be creditor entitled to initiate insolvency resolution process against personal guarantor upon invocation of personal guarantee with debenture holders' consent - Invocation of guarantee transforms trustee into creditor under Section 3(10) as debt owed thereto - No separate notification under Section 95 required given statutory powers and guarantee deed - ITR annexure under Rule 7(2) not mandatory due to 'if available' - RP recommendation not binding; tribunal decides independently - Petition admitted, moratorium declared, RP continued. (Paras 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 48)

(B) Insolvency Resolution Process - Personal Guarantors - Debenture trustee's locus - Statutory duty to protect debenture holders' interests empowers enforcement of guarantee independent of Part II notifications - Express consent via communications validates actions - Liquidation of certain holders does not extinguish trustee's authority or debt. (Paras 34, 35, 36)

(C) Resolution Professional - Replacement under Section 98 - No bias or conflict warranting replacement where RP acts within mandate; tribunal considers objections de novo - Objections to RP report considered without prejudice. (Paras 40, 41, 42)

Facts of the case:
Financial creditor (debenture trustee) filed petition under Section 95 for insolvency resolution against personal guarantor for default of Rs. 37,57,88,202/- (date of default 23.04.2022) post invocation of personal guarantee securing non-convertible debentures issued by corporate debtor. Petition restored after prior dismissal; RP recommended admission; personal guarantor challenged locus, authority, compliance, and RP impartiality via applications.

Findings of Court:
Debenture trustee qualifies as creditor post-guarantee invocation; has locus under Section 95; all objections rejected; revised RP report taken on record; applications dismissed; insolvency process initiated with 180-day moratorium.

Issues: Whether debenture trustee has locus to file under Section 95 absent specific notification; validity of authority sans majority holders' written consent; Rule 7(2) ITR compliance; RP replacement for alleged bias; petition maintainability.

Ratio Decidendi: Debenture trustee becomes creditor upon guarantee invocation per deed terms and holder consent, entitling Section 95 petition; no mandatory ITR needed; tribunal independently assesses RP report sans bias influence; statutory framework and precedents affirm trustee's enforcement powers.

Result: Petition admitted; insolvency resolution process initiated against personal guarantor; moratorium imposed; existing RP directed to proceed.

Table of Content
1. factual background of default and guarantee invocation (Para 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 45 , 46)
2. interim applications and rp reports (Para 3 , 4 , 5 , 13 , 44)
3. rp recommends admission despite pg objections (Para 14 , 15 , 16)
4. pg challenges locus of debenture trustee (Para 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22)
5. financial creditor defends trustee authority (Para 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27)
6. debenture trustee qualifies as creditor under ibc (Para 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37)
7. itr attachment not mandatory under rule 7(2) (Para 38)
8. acquisition agreement does not discharge guarantee (Para 39)
9. no bias in rp warranting replacement (Para 40 , 41 , 42)
10. petition admitted; irp initiated against pg (Para 43 , 47 , 48 , 49)

ORDER

1. The present Petition is filed u/s 95(1) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (hereinafter referred to as “IBC”) r/w Rule 7 (2) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating Authority for Insolvency Resolution Process for Personal Guarantors to Corporate Debtor) Rules, 2019 by Axis Trusteeship Services Limited (hereinafter referred to as “Financial Creditor”) for the purpose for initiating Insolvency Resolution Process against Vijay Biyani (hereinafter referred to as “Personal Guarantor”) for default of Rs. 37,57,88,202/- (Rupees Thirty Seven Crore Fifty Seven Lakhs Eighty Eight Thousand Two Hundred and Two Only). The Date of Default as specified in Part III of the present Petition is 23.04.2022 for the Personal Guarantor. The present Petition is filed on 19.03.2023.

2. Earlier, the present petition was dismissed as infructuous by this Tribunal vide order dated 21st December, 2023, in view of appointment of a resolution professional in Company Petition No. 918 of 2022 filed by Central Bank of India against the Applicant prior in time. Thereafter, following the dismissal of Company Petition No. 918 of 2022 vide order dated 29th April, 2025, ATSL filed Restoration Application No. 33 of 2025 seeking restoration of Company Petition No. 978 of 2023. This Tribunal allowed the restoration by order dated 04th July, 2025, and Restored Company Petition No. 18 of 2025 was listed and allowed on 11th July 2025, appointing the RP.

3. An application bearing IA No. 4732 of 2025 was filed by the Personal Guarantor under Rule 11 of the National Company Law Tribunal Rules, 2016, challenging the maintainability of the Restored Company Petition No. 18 of 2025 in Company Petition filed under Section 95(1) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, and seeking the following relief:

a) Dismiss the Restored Company Petition No. 18 of 2025 filed by Axis Trustee Services Ltd. against the Applicant as being non-maintainable; and

b) Pass such further or other orders as this Hon'ble Tribunal may deem just, fit, and proper in the facts and circumstances of the case.

4. Another application, IA No. 4733 of 2025, was filed by the Personal Guarantor under Section 98 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, seeking the replacement of the Resolution Professional, Mr. Ritesh Agrawal, appointed by this Tribunal vide order dated 11th July 2025, and praying for the following relief:

a) Replace Mr. Ritesh Agarwal, the present Resolution Professional appointed vide order dated 11 th July, 2025 in restored Company Petition No. 18 of 2025;

b) Appoint Mr. Jayanti Lal Jain as the new Resolution Professional to discharge the functions under Part III of the IBC; and

c) Pass such further and other orders as may be just and necessary in the interest of justice.

5. Further, another application, IA No. 4397 of 2025, was filed by the Resolution Professional for placing on record the revised report submitted under Section 99(1) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 consequent upon restoration of present company petition, and seeking the following relief:

a) To allow this application in consideration of Section 4 of the Limitation Act 1963;

b) To be pleased to take on record the report filed b

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