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2026 Supreme(Online)(NCLT) 2153

NATIONAL COMPANY LAW TRIBUNAL
Khetrabasi Biswal, Judicial Member, Shishir Agarwal, Technical Member
Rahul Jindal – Appellant
Versus
SVSJ Developers Private Limited – Respondent
I.A. No. 907/2024 in CP (IB) No. 98/Chd/Hry/2022



Advocates:
For the Appellants/Petitioners: Aalok Jagga, APS Madaan, Sahil Lohan, Aryaman Jagga, Madhav Singhal
For the Respondents: Abhishek Anand, Raghav Dembla, Aman Kashyap, Aarush Kashyap, Arora Vishwas Kumar

The Resolution Professional has a statutory obligation and the authority under the Code to take control of the corporate debtor's assets. Preliminary, contingent, or void contractual arrangements held by third parties cannot obstruct this duty, and the Adjudicating Authority possesses jurisdiction to grant recovery of possession without civil litigation.

Headnote:(A) Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 - Sections 18(1)(f), 25(1), 25(2)(a) and 60(5) - Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process - Statutory duty of Resolution Professional to take control and custody of assets - Limitation of jurisdiction - Whether contractual arrangements inconsistent with the Code can defeat the right of the Resolution Professional - Adjudicating Authority possesses plenary jurisdiction under Section 60(5) to restore possession of corporate debtor's assets - Recourse to civil courts for eviction is not required under the statutory scheme of the Code. (Paras 10, 13, 14, 15)

(B) Contract Act, 1872 - Sections 10 and 25 - Void contract - Agreement devoid of lawful consideration - A document contingent upon conditions precedent that never materialized and where no definitive agreement was executed cannot be a source of an enforceable legal right. (Paras 21, 27, 28)

Facts of the case:
An application was filed by the Resolution Professional seeking retrieval of physical possession of a project site following the initiation of insolvency proceedings. The former party in occupation claimed possession based on a preliminary term sheet executed prior to insolvency proceedings. The applicant contended that the arrangement was contingent upon a definitive agreement and approvals that were never obtained, and that consideration for the project was diverted to personal entities of the suspended management rather than the corporate debtor.

Findings of Court:
The documents relied upon by the entity in possession were merely a contingent term sheet that never matured into a definitive contract. Furthermore, consideration was not paid to the corporate debtor, rendering the arrangement void ab initio. The court affirmed that it has the jurisdiction under the Code to secure assets of the corporate debtor without recourse to civil court eviction proceedings.

Issues: Whether a preliminary term sheet creates enforceable proprietary rights sufficient to exclude the Resolution Professional from taking control of the corporate debtor's assets, and whether the Adjudicating Authority has the jurisdiction to order vacation of the premises occupied by a third party.

Ratio Decidendi: The court reasoned that the Code mandates the Resolution Professional to take custody of all assets belonging to the corporate debtor. Since the arrangement in question failed to fulfill conditions precedent and lacked lawful consideration, it conferred no enforceable rights. The court found that the plenary power under the Code includes the authority to issue directions for the restoration of possession to the Resolution Professional to ensure the integrity of the insolvency resolution process.

Result: Application allowed.

Table of Content
1. factual background regarding the corporate debtor and the disputed project. (Para 1 , 2)
2. summary of rival contentions regarding possession and contractual validity. (Para 4 , 5 , 6 , 7)
3. jurisdiction of nclt over asset recovery under ibc; no civil suit required. (Para 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15)
4. unfulfilled conditions precedent render a term sheet non-enforceable. (Para 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27)
5. contractual voidness due to lack of consideration to the corporate debtor. (Para 28 , 29 , 30)
6. final order directing surrender of possession and public notice retraction. (Para 31 , 32)

IN THE MATTER OF:

1. Sh. Rahul Jindal, Resolution Professional

Samar Estates Private Limited

IBB/IPA-001/IP-P-02649/2021-2022/14048

(AFA valid up to 30.06.2026)

Address: 109, Surya Kiran Building, KG Marg, New Delhi-110001.

...Applicant/Resolution Professional

Versus

1. M/s SVSJ Developers Private Limited,

Having its registered office at A-2, Villa-1,

Exotica, Gurugram, Haryana

Through its Director, Shri Sachin Jain.

...Respondent No. 1

2. Virender Bagai, Suspended Director of

M/s Samar Estates Private Limited,

Resident of House No.87,

Sector-7, Panchkula-134109,

Email ID: bagaivinod.svg@gmail.com.

...Respondent No. 2

3. Vinod Bagai, Suspended Director of

Samar Estates Private Limited,

Resident of House No.87, Sector-7,

Panchkula-134109,

Email ID: bagaivinod.svg@gmail.com.

...Respondent No. 3

AND IN THE MATTER OF:

Punjab & Sind Bank

….Petitioner/Financial Creditor

Versus

Samar Estates Pvt. Ltd.

….Respondent/Corporate Debtor

Order delivered on: 22.04.2026

Coram: SH. KHETRABASI BISWAL, MEMBER (JUDICIAL)

SH. SHISHIR AGARWAL, MEMBER (TECHNICAL)

Present:

For the Applicant/RP: Mr. Aalok Jagga, Advocate

Mr. APS Madaan, Advocate

Mr. Sahil Lohan, Advocate

Mr. Aryaman Jagga, Advocate

Mr. Madhav Singhal, Advocate

For Respondent No. 1: Mr. Abhishek Anand, Advocate

Mr. Raghav Dembla, Advocate

For the Suspended Board

of Directors/Respondent

No. 2 and 3: Mr. Aman Kashyap, Advocate

Mr. Aarush Kashyap, Advocate

Mr. Arora Vishwas Kumar, Advocate

ORDER

1. The present Application has been filed by the Resolution Professional of Samar Estates Private Limited, hereinafter referred to as the Corporate Debtor, under Section 60(5) read with Section 18(1)(f) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (hereinafter referred to as the Code) for, interalia, seeking directions against M/s SVSJ Developers Private Limited, Respondent No.1, to hand over the physical possession of the asset of the Corporate Debtor to the extent occupied by it, including approximately 5,35,000 sq. ft. area of the project “Ess Vee Apartments” situated at Sector-20, Panchkula, Haryana, and for appropriate directions for violation of the provisions of the Code.

Brief Facts

2. The brief facts of the case, as stated by the Applicant, are as follows:

(i) The Corporate Debtor was engaged in the development of a residential group housing project known as “Ess Vee Apartments”, situated at Sector-20, Panchkula, Haryana, being constructed on land measuring approximately 14.95 acres. The said project was being developed under Licence Nos. 609–612 dated 27.03.2006, granted by the Director, Town and Country Planning, Haryana, under Section 3(3) of the Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Act, 1975, read with Rule 11 of the Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Rules, 1976, permitting the development of a residential group housing colony on the said land. The Corporate Debtor was undertaking construction and development activities in the said project prior to the initiation of insolvency proceedings.

(ii) It is submitted that during the course of development of the aforesaid project, delays occurred in the progress and completion of construction. To address the delay and facilitate the continuation of development of the project, discussions were held between the Corporate Debtor, M/s SVSJ Developers Private Limited (Respondent No.1) a

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