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Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, CJI Table of Contents A. Background ..................................................................................................... 6 i. Genesis of the Reference ............................................................................... 6 ii. The three reference orders ........................................................................ 12 iii. Scope of the present reference ................................................................. 18 B. Issues ............................................................................................................. 21 C. Article 31C ..................................................................................................... 23 i. Brief History of Article 31-C.......................................................................... 23 ii. The present dispute concerning Article 31-C and rival contentions ..... 35 iii. Precedents concerning invalidation of amendments ............................. 46 iv. Analysis and Conclusions concerning Article 31-C ................................ 75 D. Article 39(b)......................................................................