Vincent Ng J:

[1] On a fateful day on 19 October 1996 at about 12:30pm a group of 41 Rakan Muda members were partaking in the veritable joys of "club-biking," apparently, one of the healthy passions of the young and adventurous - biking to nowhere in particular but to everywhere in terms of feeling the wind, the laughter, the comradeship and the smart gear. They were travelling along the Kangar-Alor Setar trunk road from the direction of Alor Setar towards Kangar, and, tragically as it turned out, this joyous frolic came to grieve, when, at km 6.6, a 14-wheeler 60-foot long semi-trailer low-loader (trailer-lorry), bearing registration number KAM 621 (TK 1860), carrying a load of iron rods and driven by the defendant from the opposite direction collided into them, killing five of them and injuring four others in the ensuing aftermath.

[2] The defendant was charged for an offence under Road Transport Act 1987, ss 41 (the Act), which read as follows:

Bahawa kamu pada 19.10.96 jam lebih kurang 12.30 T/Hari, di KM 6.6, Jalan Kangar - Alor Setar, di dalam Daerah Kangar, di dalam Negeri Perlis, sebagai pemandu M/Traller No. KAM 621 (T/K 1860) telah memandu kenderaan tersebut di atas jalan raya dalam keadaan melulu atau dengan cara merbahaya setelah mengambil kira tentang segala hal keadaan jalan (termasuk jenis, keadaan dan ukuran jalan tersebut) sehingga menyebabkan kematian ke atas penunggang M/Sikal No. PCE 261 Mohd. Azhar bin Abu Bakar, (2) PDF 6009 Hafiz bin Yusof, (3) PDD 4097 Raksut a/l Vichit, (4) PDF 7961 Mohd. Hazlan bin Awang Kechik, (5) PDF 8091 Ahmad Fitri bin Daud. Oleh yang demikian kamu telah melakukan suatu kesalahan yang boleh dihukum di bawah s 41(1) Akta Pengangkutan Jalan 1987.

[3] On 9 February 1998, after several days trial before the learned magistrate in Kangar, the respondent, Zulkifli bin Omar ('the defendant') was convicted as per charged and sentenced to 30 days' imprisonment and a fine of RM7,000 - in default six months' imprisonment. He was also disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving licence for a period of 12 months.

[4] The Deputy Public Prosecutor appealed against sentence, and at the eleventh hour, after vacillating for several days, the defendant also filed a cross-appeal against sentence and conviction.

[5] Considering the alarming rise in traffic accidents and road-deaths as the result of callously reckless or dangerous driving, no doubt contributed by the phenomenal increase in vehicular traffic and change in driver-attitudes, it is of general public importance that I should discuss and endeavour to define and to lay down certain guidelines pertaining to the charge of "causing death by reckless or dangerous driving", under Road Transport Act 1987, ss 41 ('the Act').

[6]Section 41(1) of the Act reads:

(1) Any person who, by the driving of a motor vehicle on a road recklessly or at a speed or in a manner which having regard to all the circumstances (including the nature, condition and size of the road, and the amount of traffic which is or might be expected to be on the road) is dangerous to the public, causes the death of any person shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to both.

Cases of this kind (causing death by dangerous or reckless driving) fall into two broad categories; first, those in which the accident has arisen through momentary inattention or misjudgment (hereafter called the first category), and secondly those in which the accused has driven in a manner which has shown a selfish disregard for the safety of other road users or of his passengers, or with a degree of recklessness (hereafter called the se