Azahar Mohamed CJM:

Introduction

[1] The following four appeals are heard together on common issues of law in claims by Tenaga Nasional Berhad ("TNB") for loss of revenue due to meter tampering pursuant to ss 38(3) to (5) of the Electricity Supply Act 1990 ("the ESA 1990"):

a. Civil Appeal No 02(f)-34-05-2018(W) (TNB v. Evergrowth Aquaculture Sdn Bhd);

b. Civil Appeal No 02(f)-23-03-2020(B) (Tetangga Bahagia Sdn Bhd v. TNB);

c. Civil Appeal No 02(f)-6-02-2021(J) (Megahock Pipes & Profile Manufacturing Sdn Bhd v. TNB); and

d. Civil Appeal No 02(f)-8-02-2021(J) (Megahock Pipes & Profile Manufacturing Sdn Bhd v. TNB).

[2] Parties will be referred to by their respective names. As it is, the common party to these four appeals is TNB who is the appellant in one of these appeals and respondent in the other three. Other parties, namely Evergrowth Aquaculture Sdn Bhd ("Evergrowth"), Tetangga Bahagia Sdn Bhd ("Tetangga Bahagia") and Megahock Pipes & Profile Manufacturing Sdn Bhd ("Megahock") will be referred to by their names where necessary, but their shared commonalities grouped them to be conveniently referred to as "the Consumers".

[3] There are several questions of law in these four