[1] There were two appeals before this court from the decision of the High court at Kuala Lumpur delivered after trial on 6 August 2018 granted in favour of the respondents against the appellants. We heard both appeals.

[2] In Appeal No W-02 (IPCV)(W)-1833-09-2018 ("Appeal 1833"), the appellant is the 2nd defendant (Ikumi Terada) and the respondents are the 1st and 2nd plaintiffs and the 1st defendant. In Appeal No W-02(IPCV)(W)-1840-09-2018 ("Appeal 1840"), the appellant is the 3rd defendant (Aizuddin). The respondents are the 1st and 2nd plaintiffs.

[3] For the sake of brevity and convenience, in this appeal, the appellants will be referred to as the 2nd and 3rd defendants and the respondents will be referred to as the 1st and 2nd plaintiffs and 1st defendant, consistent with their description in the High court.

[4] In the Notice of Appeal 1833 dated 3 September 2018, the 2nd defendant stated that the appeal is against part of the said decision which was in favour of the 1st and 2nd plaintiffs. Whereas, in the Notice of Appeal 1840 dated