JUDGMENT

Suzana Muhamad Said JC:

(After Full Trial)

Introduction

[1] The trial proceeded on 1 December 2025. The plaintiff called one (1) witness, namely Ng Chok Ling (PW1), who is the director of the plaintiff and the defendant called one (1) witness, namely Kho Kok Hong, the defendant (DW1), who is the executor of the estate of the late Kho Ah Soon (KAS).

[2] These are the witness statements (Witness Statements):

" WS-PW1 ": PW1's Witness Statement in Encl 126

"WS-DW1 ": DW1's Witness Statement in Encl 125

Brief Facts

Parties

[3] The plaintiff is a family holding company that owns properties and businesses, including construction and the manufacturing of building materials, through its subsidiaries, and was founded by Ng Kim Lim (NKL) and his wife, Tang Lin @ Tang Kam Wan (TL). NKL and TL also founded and owned another company, Ramanda Sdn Bhd (Ramanda).

[4] The defendant is the executor and trustee of the estate of the late KAS. On 7 June 2023, the defendant filed an application to substitute KAS as the defendant in this action, which was allowed on 8 September 2023.

[5] The following facts are the plaintiff's version derived from its submission.

[6] According to the plaintiff, KAS had appro