United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit _____________________________________

August Term 2024 Argued: May 6, 2025 Decided: May 9, 2025

No. 25-1113 _____________________________________

MOHSEN MAHDAWI,

Petitioner–Appellee,

v.

DONALD J. TRUMP, in his official capacity as President of the United States; PATRICIA HYDE, in her official capacity as Acting Boston Field Office Director, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; J DOE, in official capacity as Vermont Sub-Office Director, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; TODD LYONS, in his official capacity as Acting Director, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; KRISTI NOEM, in her official capacity as Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security; MARCO RUBIO, in his official capacity as Secretary of State; and PAMELA BONDI, in her official capacity as U.S. Attorney General,

Respondents–Appellants.* _____________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Vermont * The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above. No. 2:25-cv-389, Geoffrey W. Crawford, Judge _____________________________________ Before: PARKER, CARNEY, and NATHAN, Circuit Judges. _____________ NAZ AHMAD LUNA DROUBI RAMZI KASSEM MATTHEW MELEWSKI MUDASSAR HAYAT TOPPA KEEGAN STEPHAN SHEZZA ABBOUSHI DALLAL Beldock Levine & Hoffman LLP CLEAR Project New York, NY Main Street Legal Services, Inc. CYRUS D. MEHTA Long Island City, NY DAVID A. ISAACSON Cyrus D. Mehta & Partners PLLC NATHAN FREED WESSLER New York, NY BRETT MAX KAUFMAN BRIAN HAUSS Counsel for Petitioner–Appellee ESHA BHANDARI NOOR ZAFAR DREW C. ENSIGN SIDRA MAHFOOZ ALANNA T. DUONG American Civil Liberties Union DHRUMAN Y. SAMPAT New York, NY YAAKOV M. ROTH ERNESTO H. MOLINA LIA ERNST Civil Division MONICA H. ALLARD U.S. Dept. of Justice HILLARY A. RICH Washington, D.C. ACLU Foundation of Vermont Montpelier, VT MICHAEL P. DRESCHER Acting United States Attorney ANDREW B. DELANEY District of Vermont Martin Delaney & Ricci Law Group Barre, Vermont Counsel for Respondents–Appellants

_____________ BARRINGTON D. PARKER, SUSAN L. CARNEY, and ALISON J. NATHAN, Circuit Judges:

Mohsen Mahdawi is an undergraduate student at Columbia University. He is also a Lawful Permanent Resident who has lived in the United States for over a decade and is in the process of applying to become a U.S. citizen. When Mahdawi appeared for his naturalization interview in Vermont on April 14, 2025, he answered the government’s questions and passed his citizenship test. But, he alleges, at the interview’s conclusion, a team of armed law enforcement officers entered the room