1 United States Court of Appeals 2 for the Second Circuit 3 4 August Term, 2023 5 6 Argued: November 20, 2023 7 Decided: July 23, 2024 8 9 Docket Nos. 23-877(L), 23-878(Con), 23-879(Con), 23-880(Con), 23-881(Con), 23- 10 882(Con), 23-883(Con), 23-884(Con), 23-885(Con) 11 12 BETH BACHER, REPRESENTATIVE FOR PAUL BACHER (DECEASED), 13 JEROME JAY BERKOWITZ, MARY CASSIDY, JOHN CORWIN, ARMANDO 14 RAMOS, RAFAEL ROLON, RODERICK SULLIVAN, THOMAS VAZZANO, 15 ANNE YOST, PLAINTIFF REPRESENTATIVE FOR RICHARD YOST 16 (DECEASED), et al., 17 18 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 19 20 v. 21 22 BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., BOEHRINGER 23 INGELHEIM CORPORATION, BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM USA 24 CORPORATION, GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC, GLAXOSMITHKLINE 25 HOLDINGS (AMERICAS), INC., PFIZER, INC., SANOFI-AVENTIS U.S. LLC, 26 SANOFI US SERVICES INC., 27