UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________

Nos. 23-1633, 23-1634 & 23-1641 _______________

DELAWARE STATE SPORTSMEN’S ASSOCIATION, INC.; BRIDGEVILLE RIFLE & PISTOL CLUB, LTD.; DELAWARE RIFLE & PISTOL CLUB; DELAWARE ASSOCIATION OF FEDERAL FIREARMS LICENSEES; MADONNA M. NEDZA; CECIL CURTIS CLEMENTS; JAMES E. HOSFELT, JR.; BRUCE C. SMITH; VICKIE LYNN PRICKETT; FRANK M. NEDZA, Appellants in No. 23-1641

v. DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY & HOMELAND SECURITY; CABINET SECRETARY, DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF SAFETY & HOMELAND SECURITY; SUPERINTENDENT, DELAWARE STATE POLICE

GABRIEL GRAY; WILLIAM TAYLOR; DJJAMS LLC; FIREARMS POLICY COALITION, INC.; SECOND AMENDMENT FOUNDATION, Appellants in No. 23-1633

v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF DELAWARE

CHRISTOPHER GRAHAM; OWEN STEVENS; FIREARMS POLICY COALITION, INC.; SECOND AMENDMENT FOUNDATION, Appellants in No. 23-1634

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF DELAWARE _______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (D.C. Nos. 1:22-cv-00951; 1:22-cv-01500; 1:23-cv-00033) District Judge: Honorable Richard G. Andrews _______________

Argued: March 11, 2024 Before: BIBAS, MONTGOMERY-REEVES, and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Filed: July 15, 2024)

2 Erin E. Murphy [ARGUED] CLEMENT & MURPHY 706 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Francis G.X. Pileggi LEWIS BRISBOIS BISGAARD & SMITH 500 Delaware Avenue, Suite 700 Wilmington, DE 19801 Counsel for Appellants Delaware State Sportsmen’s Associ- ation Inc.; Bridgeville Rifle & Pistol Club Ltd.; Delaware Rifle & Pistol Club; Delaware Association of Federal Firearms Licensees; Madonna M. Nedza; Cecil Curtis Clements; James E. Hosfelt, Jr.; Bruce C. Smith; Vickie Lynn Prickett; and Frank M. Nedza Paul D. Clement Erin E. Murphy [ARGUED] Mariel A. Brookins Matthew Rowen CLEMENT & MURPHY 706 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Counsel for Amicus Appellant National Shooting Sports Foundation William V. Bergstrom John D. Ohlendorf [ARGUED] Peter A. Patterson David H. Thompson

3 COOPER & KIRK 1523 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 Bradley Lehman GELLERT SCALI BUSENKELL & BROWN 1201 N. Orange Street, Suite 300 Wilmington, DE 19801 Counsel for Appellants Gabriel Gray; William Taylor; DJJams LLC; Firearms Policy Coalition, Inc.; Second Amendment Foundation, Inc.; Christopher Graham; and Owen Stevens Stephen P. Halbrook 3925 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 403 Fairfax, VA 22030 Counsel for Amicus Appellant Delaware Association of Second Amendment Lawyers II David B. Kopel INDEPENDENCE INSTITUTE 727 East 16th Avenue Denver, CO 80203 Counsel for Amicus Appellants National Association of Chiefs of Police, International Law Enforcement Educa- tors & Trainers Association, Law Enforcement Legal Defense Fund, Randy Barnett, Robert Cottrol, Lee Fran- cis, Nicholas Johnson, Donald Kilmer, George Mocsary, Joseph Muha, Joseph Olson, Michael O’Shea, Glenn Reynolds, and Independence Institute

4 Anna M. Barvir Carl D. Michel MICHEL & ASSOCIATES 180 E. Ocean Boulevard, Suite 200 Long Beach, CA 90802 Counsel for Amicus Appellants Gun Owners of America, Inc.; Second Amendment Law Center; California Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc.; Gun Owners of California, Inc.; Second Amendment Defense & Education Coalition; Guns Save Life; Federal Firearms Licensees of Illinois; and Gun Owners Foundation Peter M. Torstensen, Jr. MONTANA ATTORNEY GENERAL’S OFFICE SOLICITOR GENERAL’S