UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT __________

No. 19-1105 __________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

ROBERT V.A. HARRA, JR., Appellant __________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (D. Del. No. 1:15-cr-00023-003) Hon. Richard G. Andrews, United States District Judge __________

No. 19-1136 __________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

DAVID GIBSON, Appellant __________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (D. Del. No. 1:15-cr-00023-002) Hon. Richard G. Andrews, United States District Judge __________

No. 19-1190 __________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

WILLIAM B. NORTH, Appellant __________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (D. Del. No. 1:15-cr-00023-004) Hon. Richard G. Andrews, United States District Judge __________

No. 19-1237 __________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

KEVYN N. RAKOWSKI, Appellant __________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware (D. Del. No. 1:15-cr-00023-005) Hon. Richard G. Andrews, United States District Judge __________

Argued June 30, 2020 Before: KRAUSE, PHIPPS, and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges

(Filed: January 12, 2021)

2 Sharon D. Feldman Andrew M. Lawler 641 Lexington Avenue, 15th Floor New York, NY 10022 Avram D. Frey Cambria County Office of District Attorney 200 South Center Street Cambria County Court House Ebensburg, PA 15931 Jennifer A. Hradil Lawrence S. Lustberg [ARGUED] Elizabeth A. Mancuso Thomas R. Valen Gibbons One Gateway Center Newark, NJ 07102 Michael P. Kelly Steven P. Wood McCarter & English 405 North King Street Renaissance Centre, 8th Floor Wilmington, DE 19801 Geoffrey N. Rosamond McCarter & English 100 Mulberry Street Four Gateway Center, 14th Floor Newark, NJ 07102 Counsel for Appellant Robert V.A. Harra, Jr. Kenneth M. Breen Phara A. Guberman John P. Nowak Jena A. Sold Paul Hastings 200 Park Avenue, 30th Floor New York, NY 10166

3 Stephen B. Kinnaird Paul Hastings 2050 M Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 Counsel for Appellant David Gibson Andrea S. Brooks Russell S. Nolte David E. Wilks Wilks Law 4250 Lancaster Pike, Suite 200 Wilmington, DE 19805 Thomas A. Foley 1905 Delaware Avenue Wilmington, DE 19806 George W. Hicks, Jr. [ARGUED] Aaron L. Nielson Kirkland & Ellis 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20004 Counsel for Appellant William B. North Andrew C. Dalton Bartholomew J. Dalton Ipek K. Medford Dalton & Associates 1106 West 10th Street Cool Spring Meeting House Wilmington, DE 19806 Henry E. Klingeman [ARGUED] Klingeman Cerimele 60 Park Place, Suite 1100 Newark, NJ 07102 Counsel for Appellant Kevyn N. Rakowski Robert F. Kravetz [ARGUED] Jamie M. McCall Lesley F. Wolf Office of United States Attorney 4 1313 North Market Street Hercules Building, Suite 400 Wilmington, DE 19801 Counsel for Appellee United States of America __________

OPINION OF THE COURT __________ KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

When a