PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 21-1168

SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT; ARISTA MUSIC; ARISTA RECORDS, LLC; LAFACE RECORDS LLC; PROVIDENT LABEL GROUP, LLC; SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT US LATIN LLC; VOLCANO ENTERTAINMENT III, LLC; ZOMBA RECORDINGS LLC; SONY/ATV MUSIC PUBLISHING LLC; EMI AI GALLICO MUSIC CORP.; EMI ALGEE MUSIC CORP.; EMI APRIL MUSIC INC.; EMI BLACKWOOD MUSIC INC.; COLGEMS-EMI MUSIC INC.; EMI CONSORTIUM MUSIC PUBLISHING INC., d/b/a EMI Full Keel Music; EMI CONSORTIUM SONGS, INC., d/b/a EMI Longitude Music; EMI FEIST CATALOG INC.; EMI MILLER CATALOG INC.; EMI MILLS MUSIC, INC.; EMI UNART CATALOG INC.; EMI U CATALOG INC.; JOBETE MUSIC COMPANY, INCORPORATED; STONE AGATE MUSIC; SCREEN GEMS-EMI MUSIC, INCORPORATED; STONE DIAMOND MUSIC CORP.; ATLANTIC RECORDING CORPORATION; BAD BOYS RECORDS LLC; ELEKTRA ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INCORPORATED; FUELED BY RAMEN LLC; ROADRUNNER RECORDS, INC.; WARNER-TAMERLANE PUBLISHING CORPORATION; WB MUSIC CORPORATION; UNICHAPPELL MUSIC, INCORPORATED; RIGHTSONG MUSIC INC.; COTILLION MUSIC, INCORPORATED; INTERSONG U.S.A., INC.; UMG RECORDINGS, INCORPORATED; CAPITOL RECORDS, LLC; UNIVERSAL MUSIC CORPORATION; UNIVERSAL MUSIC-MGB NA LLC; UNIVERSAL MUSIC PUBLISHING INC.; UNIVERSAL MUSIC PUBLISHING AB; UNIVERSAL PUBLISHING LIMITED; UNIVERSAL MUSIC PUBLISHING MGB LIMITED; UNIVERSAL MUSIC - Z TUNES LLC; UNIVERSAL/ISLAND MUSIC LIMITED; UNIVERSAL/MCA MUSIC PUBLISHING PTY. LIMITED; POLYGRAM PUBLISHING, INC.; SONGS OF UNIVERSAL, INC.; WARNER RECORDS, INC., f/k/a W.B.M. Music Corp.; WARNER CHAPPELL MUSIC, INC., f/k/a Warner/Chappell Music, Inc.; W.C.M. MUSIC CORP., f/k/a W.B.M. Music Corp.,

Plaintiffs – Appellees,

and USCA4 Appeal: 21-1168 Doc: 92 Filed: 02/20/2024 Pg: 2 of 32

NONESUCH RECORDS INC.; WARNER BROS. RECORDS, INC.; WARNER/CHAPPELL MUSIC, INC.; W.B.M. MUSIC CORP.; UNIVERSAL - POLYGRAM INTERNATIONAL TUNES, INC.; UNIVERSAL - SONGS OF POLYGRAM INTERNATIONAL, INC.; UNIVERSAL POLYGRAM INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING, INC.; MUSIC CORPORATION OF AMERICA, INC., d/b/a Universal Music Corporation; RONDOR MUSIC INTERNATIONAL,

Plaintiffs,

v.

COX COMMUNICATIONS, INCORPORATED; COXCOM, LLC,

Defendants – Appellants.

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INTERNET ASSOCIATION; ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION; CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY AND TECHNOLOGY; AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION; ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES; ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES; PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE; NTCA THE RURAL BROADBAND ASSOCIATION; CTIA - THE WIRELESS ASSOCIATION; USTELECOM THE BROADBAND ASSOCIATION; INTERNET COMMERCE COALITION; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW PROFESSORS,

Amici Supporting Appellant,

and

NATIONAL MUSIC PUBLISHERS’ ASSOCIATION; NASHVILLE SONGWRITERS ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL; SONGWRITERS OF NORTH AMERICA; COPYRIGHT ALLIANCE,

Amici Supporting Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Liam O’Grady, Senior District Judge. (1:18-cv-00950-LO-JFA)

2 USCA4 Appeal: 21-1168 Doc: 92 Filed: 02/20/2024 Pg: 3 of 32

Argued: March 9, 2022