PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-1491

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff − Appellant,

and

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA,

Plaintiff,

v.

WALGREEN CO.,

Defendant – Appellee.

------------------------------

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHAIN DRUG STORES, INCORPORATED; NATIONAL HEALTH LAW PROGRAM,

Amici Supporting Appellee.

No. 22-4292

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA,

Plaintiff − Appellant, USCA4 Appeal: 22-1491 Doc: 56 Filed: 08/15/2023 Pg: 2 of 19

and

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff,

v.

WALGREEN CO.,

Defendant – Appellee.

------------------------------

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHAIN DRUG STORES, INCORPORATED; NATIONAL HEALTH LAW PROGRAM,

Amici Supporting Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at Abingdon. James P. Jones, Senior District Judge. (1:21−cv−00032−JPJ−PMS)

Argued: May 4, 2023 Decided: August 15, 2023

Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, and WYNN and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Chief Judge Diaz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wynn and Judge Quattlebaum joined.

ARGUED: Martin V. Totaro, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Martin Jordan Minot, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellants. Jonathan M. Phillips, GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Michael S. Raab, Charles W. Scarborough, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Christopher R. Kavanaugh, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES

2 USCA4 Appeal: 22-1491 Doc: 56 Filed: 08/15/2023 Pg: 3 of 19

ATTORNEY, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellant United States of America. Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, Charles H. Slemp III, Chief Deputy Attorney General, W. Clay Garrett, Assistant Attorney General, Andrew N. Ferguson, Solicitor General, Erika L. Maley, Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Lucas W.E. Croslow, Deputy Solicitor General, Rohiniyurie Tashima, John Marshall Fellow, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF VIRGINIA, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant Commonwealth of Virginia. Reed Brodsky, New York, New York, Matt Gregory, Francesca Broggini, GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. Tara S. Morrissey, Andrew R. Vance, UNITED STATES CHAMBER LITIGATION CENTER, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Elisabeth S. Theodore, Kolya D. Glick, ARNOLD PORTER KAYE SCHOLER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, The American Medical Association, and The Medical Society of Virginia. Scott McIntosh, Kirti V. Reddy,