PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 24-1422 (L), No. 24-1429

MUNA AL-SUYID, individually and on behalf of the estates of her family members Abdel Salam al-Suyid, Ibrahim al-Suyid, Khalid al-Suyid and Mustafa al-Suyid; ABDALLA AL-KRSHINY, individually and on behalf of his family members Ali al-Krshiny and Mustafa al-Krshiny; AHMAD AL-KRSHINY, individually and on behalf of his family members Ali al-Krshiny and Mustafa al-Krshiny; MAHMUD AL-KRSHINY, individually and on behalf of his family members Ali al-Krshiny and Mustafa al-Krshiny; IBRAHIM AL-KRSHINY, individually and on behalf of his family members Ali al-Krshiny and Mustafa al-Krshiny,

Plaintiffs – Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

v.

KHALIFA HIFTER,

Defendant – Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

and

KHALID HIFTER; SADDAM HIFTER,

Defendants.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Leonie M. Brinkema, District Judge. (1:20-cv-00170-LMB-JFA)

No. 24-1423 (L), No. 24-1425

ALI ABDALLA HAMZA; SALIMAH ABDULLAH ABRAHE JIBREEL; NEHMA ABDALLA ALMAHDI HAMZA; ABDELHALIM ABDALLA MAHDI HAMZA, USCA4 Appeal: 24-1425 Doc: 46 Filed: 06/05/2025 Pg: 2 of 16

Plaintiffs – Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

v.

KHALIFA HIFTER,

Defendant – Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Leonie M. Brinkema, District Judge. (1:20-cv-01038-LMB-JFA)

No. 24-1426 (L), No. 24-1427

AIDA ELZAGALLY, as the wife of Msaddek Tunalli, deceased; AYAH TUNALLI, as the daughter of Msaddek Tunalli, deceased; ALAA TUNALLI, as the daughter of Msaddek Tunalli, deceased; ABDULHAMEED TUNALLI, as the son of Msaddek Tunalli, deceased; ABDULRRAUF TUNALLI, as the son of Msaddek Tunalli, deceased; MUHAMMAD TUNALLI, as the son of Msaddek Tunalli, deceased; ABDULADEEM TUNALLI, as the son of Msaddek Tunalli, deceased; MAIS AHMED MAYOUF, as the daughter of Mufida Sasi Abu Gasiah, deceased; ABDULHAMEED AL-HARRAMAH, as the father of Ayman Al-Harramah, deceased,

Plaintiffs – Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

v.

KHALIFA HIFTER,

Defendant – Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Leonie M. Brinkema, District Judge. (1:19-cv-00853-LMB-JFA)

Argued: May 7, 2025 Decided: June 5, 2025

Before RUSHING and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.

2 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1425 Doc: 46 Filed: 06/05/2025 Pg: 3 of 16

Nos. 24-1425, 24-1427, and 24-1429 dismissed, Nos. 24-1422 and 24-1426 reversed and remanded, and No. 24-1423 vacated and remanded with instructions, by published opinion. Judge Heytens wrote the opinion, which Judge Rushing and Judge Floyd joined.

ARGUED: Asim Abdur Rahman Ghafoor, LAW OFFICE OF ASIM GHAFOOR, Dulles, Virginia, for Appellants/Cross-Appellees. Madison Ann Beatty, BRIGLIA HUNDLEY, P.C., Tysons Corner, Virginia, for Appellee/Cross-Appellant. ON BRIEF: Robert H. Cox, James W. Hundley, BRIGLIA HUNDLEY, P.C., Tysons Corner, Virginia, for Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

3 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1425 Doc: