United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 22-1515 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ex rel. TODD HEATH, Relator-Appellant, v. WISCONSIN BELL, INC., Defendant-Appellee. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:08-cv-00724-LA — Lynn Adelman, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED FEBRUARY 9, 2023 — DECIDED AUGUST 2, 2023

AMENDED ON PETITION FOR REHEARING JANUARY 16, 2024 ____________________

Before EASTERBROOK, HAMILTON, and LEE, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. Congress established the Schools and Libraries Universal Service Support program to keep tel- ecommunications services affordable for schools and libraries in rural and economically disadvantaged areas. The program subsidizes services and requires providers to charge these customers rates less than or equal to the lowest rates they 2