United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 20-3261 ALWAYS TOWING & RECOVERY, INC., et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY OF MILWAUKEE, et al., Defendants-Appellees. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:20-cv-00919 — Nancy Joseph, Magistrate Judge. ____________________

ARGUED APRIL 21, 2021 — DECIDED JUNE 24, 2021 ____________________

Before FLAUM, SCUDDER, and KIRSCH, Circuit Judges. FLAUM, Circuit Judge. This case is about the scrap metal re- cycling business—the collection and processing of ferrous (iron-based) and nonferrous metals. Plaintiffs-appellants, an assortment of companies that tow or recycle used cars, allege that defendants-appellees, the City of Milwaukee (“the City”) and its subcontractor, engaged in anticompetitive behavior to self-allocate towing services and abandoned vehicles, a pri- mary