No. 22-1444 ___________________________

United States of America

Plaintiff - Appellee

v. Louis A. Rupp, II, individually and in his capacity as trustee for the Louis A. Rupp II Revocable Trust; Pauline Rupp, in her capacity as trustee for the Louis A. Rupp II Revocable Trust

Defendants - Appellants ____________

Appeal from United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis ____________

Submitted: January 12, 2023 Filed: May 19, 2023 ____________ Before KELLY, ERICKSON, and STRAS, Circuit Judges. ____________ KELLY, Circuit Judge.

The United States brought an enforcement action under the Fair Housing Act (FHA) against Louis Rupp, a St. Louis landlord, alleging that Rupp unlawfully discr