UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT OPPENHEIMER & CO. INC., No. 24-2379 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:23-cv-00067- MJP v. STEVEN MITCHELL; DORI OPINION MITCHELL; JEROME HOPPER; LORI HOPPER,

Defendants - Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Marsha J. Pechman, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted April 1, 2025 Pasadena, California Filed April 24, 2025 Before: MILAN D. SMITH, JR. and LAWRENCE VANDYKE, Circuit Judges, and JANE MAGNUS- STINSON, District Judge. * Opinion by Judge Milan D. Smith, Jr.

* The Honorable Jane Magnus-Stinson, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Indiana, sitting by designation. 2 OPPENHEIMER & CO. INC. V. MITCHELL